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<p>A binary CaO–B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> glass ceramics system was synthesised, using the sol–gel method, with the addition of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as a dopant. This work aimed to investigate the effect of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content on the structural, physical, mechanical and shielding properties. For this purpose, studies on <i>x</i>Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–(45-<i>x</i>)B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–55CaO glass ceramics have been carried out (<i>x</i> = 0 (0BiCaB), 1 (1BiCaB), 2 (2BiCaB) and 3 (3BiCaB) mol%). The obtained glass–ceramic specimens were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and the shielding properties were theoretically determined using the Phys-X/PSD software program. Additionally, the density, molar volume, packing density and other physical parameters were evaluated. XRD diffraction patterns show the presence of Ca<sub>3</sub>B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub> and BiB<sub>3</sub>O<sub>5</sub> as major crystalline phases, confirming the polycrystalline nature of all prepared samples. The FTIR and Raman spectra confirmed the presence of boron atoms in three and four coordination states, and the bismuth ions are located in the glass network. Different shielding parameters, including mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MAC and LAC), atomic cross-section and effective conductivity radiation parameters, have been theoretically calculated. The maximum values of MAC and LAC were recorded for the 3BiCaB sample, ranging from 0.028 to 29.321&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup><InlineEquation ID="IEq101"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(/\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>g and from 0.08 to 85.006&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The obtained data showed high MAC and LAC values, making them feasible for radiation attenuation. In addition, MAC and LAC parameters demonstrated superior performance compared to certain standard concretes. The density of the prepared specimens increases from 2.75 to 2.9&#xa0;g<InlineEquation ID="IEq102"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(/\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>cm<sup>3</sup> with the replacement of B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> with Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content. The study encompassed the computation and discussion of several physical and mechanical parameters, including field strength, bismuth ion concentrations, Young modulus, bulk modulus and polaron radius. It has been concluded that Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> incorporation improved all studied samples’ physical and shielding features. The glass–ceramic sample 3BiCaB, with a higher content of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, exhibits the best shielding efficiency among the studied glass–ceramic samples, making it a promising material for shielding applications.</p>

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A comprehensive study of binary CaO–B2O3 glass–ceramics doped with Bi2O3: An assessment of structural, mechanical, physical and radiation shielding properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • K S Al-Namshah,
  • Eman Alzahrani,
  • M Kubas,
  • M A Madshal

摘要

A binary CaO–B2O3 glass ceramics system was synthesised, using the sol–gel method, with the addition of Bi2O3 as a dopant. This work aimed to investigate the effect of Bi2O3 content on the structural, physical, mechanical and shielding properties. For this purpose, studies on xBi2O3–(45-x)B2O3–55CaO glass ceramics have been carried out (x = 0 (0BiCaB), 1 (1BiCaB), 2 (2BiCaB) and 3 (3BiCaB) mol%). The obtained glass–ceramic specimens were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and the shielding properties were theoretically determined using the Phys-X/PSD software program. Additionally, the density, molar volume, packing density and other physical parameters were evaluated. XRD diffraction patterns show the presence of Ca3B2O6 and BiB3O5 as major crystalline phases, confirming the polycrystalline nature of all prepared samples. The FTIR and Raman spectra confirmed the presence of boron atoms in three and four coordination states, and the bismuth ions are located in the glass network. Different shielding parameters, including mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MAC and LAC), atomic cross-section and effective conductivity radiation parameters, have been theoretically calculated. The maximum values of MAC and LAC were recorded for the 3BiCaB sample, ranging from 0.028 to 29.321 cm−2 \(/\) / g and from 0.08 to 85.006 cm−1, respectively. The obtained data showed high MAC and LAC values, making them feasible for radiation attenuation. In addition, MAC and LAC parameters demonstrated superior performance compared to certain standard concretes. The density of the prepared specimens increases from 2.75 to 2.9 g \(/\) / cm3 with the replacement of B2O3 with Bi2O3 content. The study encompassed the computation and discussion of several physical and mechanical parameters, including field strength, bismuth ion concentrations, Young modulus, bulk modulus and polaron radius. It has been concluded that Bi2O3 incorporation improved all studied samples’ physical and shielding features. The glass–ceramic sample 3BiCaB, with a higher content of Bi2O3, exhibits the best shielding efficiency among the studied glass–ceramic samples, making it a promising material for shielding applications.