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<p>The study aimed to assess the groundwater vulnerability in part of the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB). Groundwater vulnerable areas were mapped using overlay indexing by improved rating and weighting of factors through the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The final vulnerability map (AHP DRASTIC-LU) included eight factors. The factors included in the DRASTIC-LU acronym were depth to water table (D), net recharge (R), aquifer medium (A), soil medium (S), topography (T), vadose zone effect (I), hydraulic conductivity (C), and land use/land cover (LU). The groundwater vulnerability maps produced were validated by calculating the pollution index of groundwater (PIG). PIG was calculated by collecting groundwater samples distributed in the targeted study area. The concentration of physico-chemical ions was used to calculate the overall water quality (Owq) for each parameter. The Owq values of each parameter were then summed to get a single numerical value of PIG for each sampling site distributed in the study area. The spatial PIG map was constructed using these numerical values. Parameters with an Owq value &gt;0.1 were considered significant contributors to groundwater pollution. Finally, this PIG map was used to validate the modelled vulnerability maps using correlation analysis. The AHP DRASTIC-LU model showed a significant correlation (<i>r</i> = 0.88) with the PIG in comparison to the DRASTIC and DRASTIC-LU models. The DRASTIC approach had the lowest AUC value of 0.63, whereas the DRASTIC-LU and AHP DRASTIC-LU models showed AUC values of 0.68 and 0.74, respectively. This indicates the effectiveness of the AHP DRASTIC-LU model in assessing groundwater vulnerability. Urban development and human interference were apparent in areas with high nitrate levels but low calcium concentrations. The spatial distribution of the vulnerability maps revealed that land-use patterns were a significant factor affecting groundwater resources. The novelty of the study is the validation of vulnerability maps with PIG, which provides quantitative measurements of groundwater pollution based on field and laboratory data, ensures the reliability of vulnerability maps, and strengthens the relationship between model outputs and actual groundwater quality. This study can be beneficial in developing targeted measures for groundwater management and protection in the most vulnerable areas at the local level.</p>

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Groundwater vulnerability mapping through analytical hierarchy process-based DRASTIC-LU model and pollution index of groundwater (PIG): A case of Eastern Indo-Gangetic Basin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月8日

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  • Apoorv Verma,
  • N B Singh,
  • B K Yadav

摘要

The study aimed to assess the groundwater vulnerability in part of the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB). Groundwater vulnerable areas were mapped using overlay indexing by improved rating and weighting of factors through the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The final vulnerability map (AHP DRASTIC-LU) included eight factors. The factors included in the DRASTIC-LU acronym were depth to water table (D), net recharge (R), aquifer medium (A), soil medium (S), topography (T), vadose zone effect (I), hydraulic conductivity (C), and land use/land cover (LU). The groundwater vulnerability maps produced were validated by calculating the pollution index of groundwater (PIG). PIG was calculated by collecting groundwater samples distributed in the targeted study area. The concentration of physico-chemical ions was used to calculate the overall water quality (Owq) for each parameter. The Owq values of each parameter were then summed to get a single numerical value of PIG for each sampling site distributed in the study area. The spatial PIG map was constructed using these numerical values. Parameters with an Owq value >0.1 were considered significant contributors to groundwater pollution. Finally, this PIG map was used to validate the modelled vulnerability maps using correlation analysis. The AHP DRASTIC-LU model showed a significant correlation (r = 0.88) with the PIG in comparison to the DRASTIC and DRASTIC-LU models. The DRASTIC approach had the lowest AUC value of 0.63, whereas the DRASTIC-LU and AHP DRASTIC-LU models showed AUC values of 0.68 and 0.74, respectively. This indicates the effectiveness of the AHP DRASTIC-LU model in assessing groundwater vulnerability. Urban development and human interference were apparent in areas with high nitrate levels but low calcium concentrations. The spatial distribution of the vulnerability maps revealed that land-use patterns were a significant factor affecting groundwater resources. The novelty of the study is the validation of vulnerability maps with PIG, which provides quantitative measurements of groundwater pollution based on field and laboratory data, ensures the reliability of vulnerability maps, and strengthens the relationship between model outputs and actual groundwater quality. This study can be beneficial in developing targeted measures for groundwater management and protection in the most vulnerable areas at the local level.