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<p>Air pollution remains one of the most critical environmental challenges globally, adversely affecting human health and ecosystem stability. In India, the burden is intensified by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and seasonal agricultural practices. Previous research often overlooked long-term, high-resolution spatiotemporal assessments of NO<sub>2</sub> concentration trends, especially across major pollution hotspots. This study analyzes detailed NO<sub>2</sub> patterns from 2019 to 2023 over three key hotspots identified using binary classification of the Sentinel-5P-derived mean NO<sub>2</sub> spatial distribution map: Hotspot-1 (Sonbhadra–Singrauli–Balrampur), Hotspot-2 (Korba–Bilaspur–Janjgir-Champa), and Hotspot-3 (Delhi NCR). Various advanced statistical parameters were employed to assess distinct spatiotemporal patterns and uncover dynamic emission patterns. Hotspot-1 exhibited the highest peak NO<sub>2</sub> value of 4.248 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mol/m<sup>2</sup> in 2019, with a persistent annual mean around 2.1–2.2 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mol/m<sup>2</sup>, and sharp seasonal peaks (e.g., May 2023: 2.93, Dec 2021 and 2022: 3.08). Hotspot-2 showed a gradual rise in mean NO<sub>2</sub> from 1.831 × 10<sup>−4</sup> in 2019 to 1.967 × 10<sup>−4</sup> in 2023, with a maximum of 3.68 × 10<sup>−4</sup> in 2023, indicating steady industrial activity. Monthly peaks include Dec 2023: 3.07 and Nov 2022: 2.50. In contrast, Hotspot-3 recorded comparatively lower values, with a maximum of 2.459 × 10<sup>−4</sup> in 2021 and relatively stable mean levels (~1.83–1.88 × 10<sup>−4</sup>), despite sharp monthly spikes such as Jan 2023: 2.95 and Dec 2023: 2.74. While Hotspots 1 and 2 show strong pre- and post-monsoon variations linked to industrial output, Hotspot-3 exhibits more fluctuation in winter months due to urban emissions and meteorological trapping effects. Notably, Hotspot-1 experienced the steepest drop (−0.95 in Jun–Jul 2023), and Hotspot-3 recorded the sharpest monthly rise (+0.87 in Nov–Dec 2023), highlighting dynamic pollution regimes across the regions. Overall, findings highlight the need for region- and season-specific mitigation policies. The outcomes also support data-driven strategies for improving public health and guiding national air quality management initiatives.</p>

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Spatiotemporal analysis of NO2 trends over major air pollution hotspots in India using Sentinel-5P

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月20日

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  • Aman Srivastava,
  • Aditya Kumar Thakur,
  • Rahul Dev Garg,
  • Pradeep Kumar Garg

摘要

Air pollution remains one of the most critical environmental challenges globally, adversely affecting human health and ecosystem stability. In India, the burden is intensified by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and seasonal agricultural practices. Previous research often overlooked long-term, high-resolution spatiotemporal assessments of NO2 concentration trends, especially across major pollution hotspots. This study analyzes detailed NO2 patterns from 2019 to 2023 over three key hotspots identified using binary classification of the Sentinel-5P-derived mean NO2 spatial distribution map: Hotspot-1 (Sonbhadra–Singrauli–Balrampur), Hotspot-2 (Korba–Bilaspur–Janjgir-Champa), and Hotspot-3 (Delhi NCR). Various advanced statistical parameters were employed to assess distinct spatiotemporal patterns and uncover dynamic emission patterns. Hotspot-1 exhibited the highest peak NO2 value of 4.248 × 10−4 mol/m2 in 2019, with a persistent annual mean around 2.1–2.2 × 10−4 mol/m2, and sharp seasonal peaks (e.g., May 2023: 2.93, Dec 2021 and 2022: 3.08). Hotspot-2 showed a gradual rise in mean NO2 from 1.831 × 10−4 in 2019 to 1.967 × 10−4 in 2023, with a maximum of 3.68 × 10−4 in 2023, indicating steady industrial activity. Monthly peaks include Dec 2023: 3.07 and Nov 2022: 2.50. In contrast, Hotspot-3 recorded comparatively lower values, with a maximum of 2.459 × 10−4 in 2021 and relatively stable mean levels (~1.83–1.88 × 10−4), despite sharp monthly spikes such as Jan 2023: 2.95 and Dec 2023: 2.74. While Hotspots 1 and 2 show strong pre- and post-monsoon variations linked to industrial output, Hotspot-3 exhibits more fluctuation in winter months due to urban emissions and meteorological trapping effects. Notably, Hotspot-1 experienced the steepest drop (−0.95 in Jun–Jul 2023), and Hotspot-3 recorded the sharpest monthly rise (+0.87 in Nov–Dec 2023), highlighting dynamic pollution regimes across the regions. Overall, findings highlight the need for region- and season-specific mitigation policies. The outcomes also support data-driven strategies for improving public health and guiding national air quality management initiatives.