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<p>Ketonization of carboxylic acids offers a highly effective strategy for upgrading bio-oil by reducing its oxygen content and enhancing fuel properties. In this study, a series of Ce<sub><i>x</i></sub>Zn<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub> catalysts with varying Ce/Zn ratios were synthesized and evaluated for the ketonization of propanoic acid to produce 3-pentanone, a valuable intermediate with improved thermal stability and hydrophobicity. Among the catalysts tested, Ce<sub>0.7</sub>Zn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> catalyst exhibited exceptional performance, achieving &gt;99% conversion of propanoic acid and &gt;99% selectivity toward 3-pentanone at 350&#xa0;°C, with stable catalytic activity maintained over a period of 3 h. BET surface area analysis revealed that all the catalysts possess mesoporous structures characterized by type-IV isotherms with H3 hysteresis loops. PXRD results indicated the formation of a CeO<sub>2</sub>-dominated solid solution, with highly dispersed ZnO phase undetectable by diffraction. However, AAS, Raman analysis and FT-IR studies supports the presence of ZnO in the Ce<sub><i>x</i></sub>Zn<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub> catalysts. CO<sub>2</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub>-TPD measurements demonstrated that Zn incorporation significantly enhanced the acidic and basic surface sites, which are crucial for propanoic acid ketonization activity. These findings highlight the potential of Ce<sub><i>x</i></sub>Zn<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub> catalysts for efficient bio-oil upgrading and contribute to the advancement of renewable fuel technologies through catalytic conversion of low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids.</p> Graphical abstract <p>Ce<sub><i>x</i></sub>Zn<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub> catalysts with varying Ce/Zn ratios were synthesized and evaluated for the ketonization of propanoic acid to produce 3-pentanone. Among the catalysts tested, Ce<sub>0.7</sub>Zn<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> catalyst exhibited exceptional performance, achieving &gt;99% propanoic acid and &gt;99% 3-pentanone selectivity at 350&#xa0;°C, with stable catalytic activity maintained over a period of 3 h.</p> <p></p>

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CexZn1–xO2 catalysts for conversion of propanoic acid to 3-pentanone via ketonization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Navitha Mudoor Vasantha,
  • Basavaraj Kumbarageri,
  • Rawesh Kumar,
  • Ganesh Narayanaswamy,
  • Harsha Murudappa,
  • Sree Karthikayan,
  • Sanjeev P Maradur,
  • Naga Suresh Enjamuri

摘要

Ketonization of carboxylic acids offers a highly effective strategy for upgrading bio-oil by reducing its oxygen content and enhancing fuel properties. In this study, a series of CexZn1–xO2 catalysts with varying Ce/Zn ratios were synthesized and evaluated for the ketonization of propanoic acid to produce 3-pentanone, a valuable intermediate with improved thermal stability and hydrophobicity. Among the catalysts tested, Ce0.7Zn0.3O2 catalyst exhibited exceptional performance, achieving >99% conversion of propanoic acid and >99% selectivity toward 3-pentanone at 350 °C, with stable catalytic activity maintained over a period of 3 h. BET surface area analysis revealed that all the catalysts possess mesoporous structures characterized by type-IV isotherms with H3 hysteresis loops. PXRD results indicated the formation of a CeO2-dominated solid solution, with highly dispersed ZnO phase undetectable by diffraction. However, AAS, Raman analysis and FT-IR studies supports the presence of ZnO in the CexZn1–xO2 catalysts. CO2 and NH3-TPD measurements demonstrated that Zn incorporation significantly enhanced the acidic and basic surface sites, which are crucial for propanoic acid ketonization activity. These findings highlight the potential of CexZn1–xO2 catalysts for efficient bio-oil upgrading and contribute to the advancement of renewable fuel technologies through catalytic conversion of low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids.

Graphical abstract

CexZn1–xO2 catalysts with varying Ce/Zn ratios were synthesized and evaluated for the ketonization of propanoic acid to produce 3-pentanone. Among the catalysts tested, Ce0.7Zn0.3O2 catalyst exhibited exceptional performance, achieving >99% propanoic acid and >99% 3-pentanone selectivity at 350 °C, with stable catalytic activity maintained over a period of 3 h.