<p>Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) observations reveal a significant population of blazars, and recent astrophysical research has focused on exploring flux variations in blazars. Up to now, Fermi-LAT has discovered a significant number of blazars, displaying quasi-periodic behaviour. In this study, Fermi-LAT data is utilized to construct the <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10094_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-ray light curve for blazar J0811.4<InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10094_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(+\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>+</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>0146 spanning from August 2008 to November 2024, covering 16 years of observations. Four distinct methods, namely, Lomb–Scargle periodogram (LSP), Weighted wavelet Z-transform (WWZ), discrete correlation function (DCF) and Jurkevich (JV), are employed to investigate <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10094_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-ray emissions from this blazar in detail. The analysis reveals quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) behaviour with a period of <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10094_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="80" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(4.35 \pm 0.34\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>4.35</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.34</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> years. Significance of this QPO is assessed using Monte Carlo simulations, which indicate a significance level of 4.5<InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10094_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sigma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>σ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This study suggests that the detected QPO can be plausibly explained by Newtonian-driven jet precession associated with a supermassive black hole binary system (SMBHB). Utilizing this model, we estimate, mass of the primary black hole to be <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10094_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="91" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(7.3 \times 10^9 \textrm{M}_{\odot }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>7.3</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>9</mn> </msup> <msub> <mtext>M</mtext> <mo>⊙</mo> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, mass of the secondary black hole to be <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10094_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="91" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2.1 \times 10^9 \textrm{M}_{\odot }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2.1</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>9</mn> </msup> <msub> <mtext>M</mtext> <mo>⊙</mo> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10094_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="26" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{R_{1}}{R_{2}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to be 0.27, resulting in an orbital period of the secondary black hole (<InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10094_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(P_{M_2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) of 1.15 years and a precession period of the jet of <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="12036_2025_10094_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="6" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>42.49&#xa0;years.</p>

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Potential 4.35-year quasi-periodic oscillation in \(\gamma \)-ray emission from BL Lac J0811.4\(+\)0146

  • Min Jin,
  • Feng-Rong Zhu,
  • Bing-Kai Zhang

摘要

Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) observations reveal a significant population of blazars, and recent astrophysical research has focused on exploring flux variations in blazars. Up to now, Fermi-LAT has discovered a significant number of blazars, displaying quasi-periodic behaviour. In this study, Fermi-LAT data is utilized to construct the \(\gamma \) γ -ray light curve for blazar J0811.4 \(+\) + 0146 spanning from August 2008 to November 2024, covering 16 years of observations. Four distinct methods, namely, Lomb–Scargle periodogram (LSP), Weighted wavelet Z-transform (WWZ), discrete correlation function (DCF) and Jurkevich (JV), are employed to investigate \(\gamma \) γ -ray emissions from this blazar in detail. The analysis reveals quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) behaviour with a period of \(4.35 \pm 0.34\) 4.35 ± 0.34 years. Significance of this QPO is assessed using Monte Carlo simulations, which indicate a significance level of 4.5 \(\sigma \) σ . This study suggests that the detected QPO can be plausibly explained by Newtonian-driven jet precession associated with a supermassive black hole binary system (SMBHB). Utilizing this model, we estimate, mass of the primary black hole to be \(7.3 \times 10^9 \textrm{M}_{\odot }\) 7.3 × 10 9 M , mass of the secondary black hole to be \(2.1 \times 10^9 \textrm{M}_{\odot }\) 2.1 × 10 9 M and \(\frac{R_{1}}{R_{2}}\) R 1 R 2 to be 0.27, resulting in an orbital period of the secondary black hole ( \(P_{M_2}\) P M 2 ) of 1.15 years and a precession period of the jet of \(\sim \) 42.49 years.