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<p>Evidence has shown that disturbances in the circadian rhythms including sleep/wake cycle significantly affect cognitive and behavioral functions. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different protocols of circadian rhythm disruptions (CRD) on behavioral performance in the open field test and marble burying test, and on the expression level of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) in the medial prefrontal cortex of both sexes of rats. CRD was performed in various protocols including 2 days of constant light (2DL) and constant darkness (2DD), 1 and 2 weeks of constant light (1WL and 2WL) and constant darkness (1WD and 2WD), and 1 and 2 weeks of mixed constant light and constant darkness (1WM and 2WM). The results showed that locomotion, rearing, and sniffing were increased in some groups of both sexes. In male rats, only some constant light or mixed protocols (but not constant darkness protocols) affected locomotor activity, rearing, and sniffing. Anxiety-like behavior was increased in all groups of both sexes (except 1WD female rats). Burying marbles was increased in all male and female groups, except 1WD in both sexes and 2WD in males. GSK-3β was increased in all constant light and mixed protocols in males, and in all groups in females. In conclusion, the present study showed sex-dependent effects of CRD on behavior and GSK-3β. Males were more sensitive to constant light or mixed protocols than constant darkness. Also, a significant correlation between GSK-3β levels and behavioral alterations was shown only in female rats, according to Spearman correlation analysis.</p>

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Different Protocols of Circadian Rhythm Disruptions Differentially Affect Locomotor Activity, and Anxiety- and Compulsive-Like Behaviors in Male vs. Female Wistar Rats along with the Significant Involvement of GSK-3β in Females

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Sogand Adibian,
  • Elmira Dehghani,
  • Zeinab Dalil-Housh,
  • Atefeh Motamedi-Manesh,
  • Hamed Moradi,
  • Shadi Hajizamani,
  • Salar Vaseghi

摘要

Evidence has shown that disturbances in the circadian rhythms including sleep/wake cycle significantly affect cognitive and behavioral functions. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different protocols of circadian rhythm disruptions (CRD) on behavioral performance in the open field test and marble burying test, and on the expression level of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) in the medial prefrontal cortex of both sexes of rats. CRD was performed in various protocols including 2 days of constant light (2DL) and constant darkness (2DD), 1 and 2 weeks of constant light (1WL and 2WL) and constant darkness (1WD and 2WD), and 1 and 2 weeks of mixed constant light and constant darkness (1WM and 2WM). The results showed that locomotion, rearing, and sniffing were increased in some groups of both sexes. In male rats, only some constant light or mixed protocols (but not constant darkness protocols) affected locomotor activity, rearing, and sniffing. Anxiety-like behavior was increased in all groups of both sexes (except 1WD female rats). Burying marbles was increased in all male and female groups, except 1WD in both sexes and 2WD in males. GSK-3β was increased in all constant light and mixed protocols in males, and in all groups in females. In conclusion, the present study showed sex-dependent effects of CRD on behavior and GSK-3β. Males were more sensitive to constant light or mixed protocols than constant darkness. Also, a significant correlation between GSK-3β levels and behavioral alterations was shown only in female rats, according to Spearman correlation analysis.