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<p>This review systematically evaluates major covalent grafting strategies for chitosan and discusses how these approaches can improve antibacterial performance and long-term stability. It focuses on grafting naturally occurring antibacterial monomers onto chitosan; noncovalent routes (e.g., physical blending and ionic complexation) and inorganic filler-based systems are only briefly mentioned. Representative naturally occurring monomers are summarized in terms of their sources, structural features, and antibacterial activities, and the structure–activity relationships relevant to chitosan grafting are discussed. The review then compares four covalent grafting pathways—Schiff base grafting, free-radical grafting, esterification grafting, and copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition grafting (CuAAC)—highlighting reaction mechanisms, functional-group requirements, and differences in antibacterial outcomes. CuAAC is emphasized for its chemoselectivity and robust linkage formation, which can facilitate sustained antibacterial effects. Finally, the applications of grafted chitosan in polylactic acid (PLA)-based composite systems are reviewed, with attention to dispersion behavior and the durability of antibacterial performance. By bridging studies on chitosan grafting and those on PLA–chitosan composites, this review clarifies current progress, identifies key limitations, and outlines future directions for designing green, safe, and sustainable multifunctional composites.</p>

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Research progress on the antibacterial activity of naturally derived monomers grafted to chitosan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Xiaofeng He,
  • Cuihua Guo,
  • Tianyu Hao,
  • Xiaofeng Liu,
  • Qi Yue,
  • Yang Yu,
  • Tiejun Ge

摘要

This review systematically evaluates major covalent grafting strategies for chitosan and discusses how these approaches can improve antibacterial performance and long-term stability. It focuses on grafting naturally occurring antibacterial monomers onto chitosan; noncovalent routes (e.g., physical blending and ionic complexation) and inorganic filler-based systems are only briefly mentioned. Representative naturally occurring monomers are summarized in terms of their sources, structural features, and antibacterial activities, and the structure–activity relationships relevant to chitosan grafting are discussed. The review then compares four covalent grafting pathways—Schiff base grafting, free-radical grafting, esterification grafting, and copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition grafting (CuAAC)—highlighting reaction mechanisms, functional-group requirements, and differences in antibacterial outcomes. CuAAC is emphasized for its chemoselectivity and robust linkage formation, which can facilitate sustained antibacterial effects. Finally, the applications of grafted chitosan in polylactic acid (PLA)-based composite systems are reviewed, with attention to dispersion behavior and the durability of antibacterial performance. By bridging studies on chitosan grafting and those on PLA–chitosan composites, this review clarifies current progress, identifies key limitations, and outlines future directions for designing green, safe, and sustainable multifunctional composites.