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<p>The escalating demand for advanced materials with unique properties has intensified interest in innovative synthesis methods for graphene, a two-dimensional carbon allotrope. This study addresses the urgent need for sustainable and cost-effective graphene synthesis routes by proposing a novel approach using low-grade coal from the Northeast region (NER) of India and abundant humic acid (HA) as precursor materials. Coal, being one of the most economical energy resources, serves as the carbon source, whereas humic acid, a complex mixture of organic compounds derived from the decomposition of plant and animal matter, offers an environmentally favorable alternative to conventional precursors. The synthesis methodology involves a simple chemical oxidation process using formic acid (HCOOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), followed by ultracentrifugation and thermal reduction. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were employed for surface morphology analysis, identification of surface functional groups, and structural characterization of the graphene materials. The coal- and humic acid-derived graphene materials were further evaluated as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications and demonstrated notable electrochemical performance, exhibiting a specific capacitance of 128 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.5 A g<sup>−1</sup>. Future prospects of this work include further optimization of the synthesis process to improve scalability and cost-effectiveness. In addition, exploring the potential applications of graphene synthesized from readily available coal and humic acid feedstocks in emerging areas such as flexible electronics and energy-storage technologies may provide new opportunities for the development of advanced carbon-based materials.</p>

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Synthesis of graphene from coal, carbonized coal, and humic acids using performic acids followed by low-temperature thermal reduction towards supercapacitor applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Parijat Pratim Das,
  • Abhishek Hazarika,
  • Debashis Sarmah,
  • Santhi Maria Benoy,
  • Binoy K Saikia

摘要

The escalating demand for advanced materials with unique properties has intensified interest in innovative synthesis methods for graphene, a two-dimensional carbon allotrope. This study addresses the urgent need for sustainable and cost-effective graphene synthesis routes by proposing a novel approach using low-grade coal from the Northeast region (NER) of India and abundant humic acid (HA) as precursor materials. Coal, being one of the most economical energy resources, serves as the carbon source, whereas humic acid, a complex mixture of organic compounds derived from the decomposition of plant and animal matter, offers an environmentally favorable alternative to conventional precursors. The synthesis methodology involves a simple chemical oxidation process using formic acid (HCOOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), followed by ultracentrifugation and thermal reduction. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were employed for surface morphology analysis, identification of surface functional groups, and structural characterization of the graphene materials. The coal- and humic acid-derived graphene materials were further evaluated as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications and demonstrated notable electrochemical performance, exhibiting a specific capacitance of 128 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1. Future prospects of this work include further optimization of the synthesis process to improve scalability and cost-effectiveness. In addition, exploring the potential applications of graphene synthesized from readily available coal and humic acid feedstocks in emerging areas such as flexible electronics and energy-storage technologies may provide new opportunities for the development of advanced carbon-based materials.