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<p>The mobility of charge carriers via the electron transport layer (ETL) is essential for enhancing the output performance of perovskite solar cell device (PSCD). Achieving high mobility is crucial for maximizing the efficiency of these devices. Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) is widely used as an ETL due to its affordability, stability, and ease of fabrication, despite limitations such as low conductivity, mismatched conduction bands with perovskite layers, and susceptibility to surface defects under ultraviolet light. To address these challenges, doping TiO<sub>2</sub> with several metal ions has emerged as a promising strategy to improve its electrical and optical characteristics. This review emphasizes on the bulk alteration of the TiO<sub>2</sub> layer via metal ion doping, aiming to enhance charge carrier density, optimize band alignments, and mitigate interfacial recombination. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms by which doping modifies these properties is critical for guiding future research efforts. Metals like Sn, Fe, Ru, and Nb and non-metals (S) have shown potential to enhance TiO<sub>2</sub> performance by increasing conductivity and reducing energy losses. Future research should explore optimized doping concentrations and novel dopants to further enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term reliability of TiO<sub>2</sub>-based PSCs, contributing to the advancement of efficient solar energy technologies. Ultimately, these enhancements may play a pivotal role in the commercialization of perovskite solar cells.</p>

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Performance evaluation of metal-doped X-TiO2 electron transport layers in perovskite solar cell devices: a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Syed M Hasnain

摘要

The mobility of charge carriers via the electron transport layer (ETL) is essential for enhancing the output performance of perovskite solar cell device (PSCD). Achieving high mobility is crucial for maximizing the efficiency of these devices. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used as an ETL due to its affordability, stability, and ease of fabrication, despite limitations such as low conductivity, mismatched conduction bands with perovskite layers, and susceptibility to surface defects under ultraviolet light. To address these challenges, doping TiO2 with several metal ions has emerged as a promising strategy to improve its electrical and optical characteristics. This review emphasizes on the bulk alteration of the TiO2 layer via metal ion doping, aiming to enhance charge carrier density, optimize band alignments, and mitigate interfacial recombination. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms by which doping modifies these properties is critical for guiding future research efforts. Metals like Sn, Fe, Ru, and Nb and non-metals (S) have shown potential to enhance TiO2 performance by increasing conductivity and reducing energy losses. Future research should explore optimized doping concentrations and novel dopants to further enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term reliability of TiO2-based PSCs, contributing to the advancement of efficient solar energy technologies. Ultimately, these enhancements may play a pivotal role in the commercialization of perovskite solar cells.