<p>Patients who are nonresponsive pose a daunting challenge to physicians and loved ones: Is it possible that these patients have inner experiences despite being behaviorally nonresponsive? Techniques such as task-based functional neuroimaging and electroencephalography have been used to probe such patients’ abilities to produce appropriate brain responses to commands. When detectable, such responses are considered evidence of a condition referred to as cognitive motor dissociation or covert consciousness. These observations and their framings introduce a host of epistemological puzzles. The problem of covert consciousness is not an isolated issue but a vivid example of a much wider epistemological problem: assessing the mental condition of someone who does not show the typical relationship between overt behavior and inner state. This analysis outlines the epistemic limits of current covert consciousness testing paradigms, proposes strategies for systematic validation and refined classification, suggests minimum reporting standards for assessment, and proposes a research agenda that can render covert consciousness testing more rigorous, reproducible, and clinically trustworthy.</p>