Remedies in digital antitrust and DMA cases: principles and typology
摘要
Remedies in antitrust and DMA cases need to comply with three requirements: they need to pursue a legitimate objective, need to be effective in achieving that objective, and cannot go beyond what is necessary to effectively achieve that objective. Remedies imposed or accepted in recent digital antitrust and DMA cases can be divided in five categories: unbundling remedies, quasi-unbundling remedies, remedies to end (quasi-)exclusivity, interoperability and access remedies, and remedies for exploitative abuses.