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<p>Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) have been widely explored for their role in glucose homeostasis, appetite regulation and cardiovascular function. While their distribution in pancreas, gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system is well established, the presence and function of GLP-1Rs in eyes and nose remain underexplored.</p><p>This review investigates emerging evidence of GLP-1R expression in nasal and ocular tissues and their potential role in appetite regulation. GLP-1Rs in olfactory system may contribute to cephalic phase insulin release and influence food-related behavior through sensory-driven mechanisms, while ocular receptors appear to play neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory roles, particularly in diabetic eye disease.</p><p>Although a direct correlation between GLP-1Rs and appetite remains unconfirmed, novel nasal and ocular formulations of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) suggest exciting therapeutic possibilities. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of sensory GLP-1 signaling in metabolic regulation, potentially paving the way for innovative treatments targeting obesity and type 2 diabetes.</p>

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Neglected GLP-1 receptors in the eyes and nose: possible correlation with regulation of appetite

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • A. Saturnino,
  • P. Pozzilli

摘要

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) have been widely explored for their role in glucose homeostasis, appetite regulation and cardiovascular function. While their distribution in pancreas, gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system is well established, the presence and function of GLP-1Rs in eyes and nose remain underexplored.

This review investigates emerging evidence of GLP-1R expression in nasal and ocular tissues and their potential role in appetite regulation. GLP-1Rs in olfactory system may contribute to cephalic phase insulin release and influence food-related behavior through sensory-driven mechanisms, while ocular receptors appear to play neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory roles, particularly in diabetic eye disease.

Although a direct correlation between GLP-1Rs and appetite remains unconfirmed, novel nasal and ocular formulations of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) suggest exciting therapeutic possibilities. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of sensory GLP-1 signaling in metabolic regulation, potentially paving the way for innovative treatments targeting obesity and type 2 diabetes.