Objective <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) constitutes a severe public health issue among women of childbearing age (WCBA) globally. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of T2DM among WCBA from 1990 to 2021, with projections until 2030.</p> Methods <p>We used estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 concerning the prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of T2DM in WCBA aged 15–49 years across 21 regions and 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Based on Joinpoint regression models, disease trends were depicted using Annual Percent Change (APC) and Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC). Spearman correlation was employed to assess the correlation between T2DM burden and sociodemographic index (SDI). Bayesian age-period-cohort model projected the epidemiological trajectories up to 2030.</p> Results <p>In 2021, there were 73,858,922 prevalent cases, 42,106 mortalities, and 6,895,581 DALYs of T2DM among WCBA globally. From 1990 to 2021, global age-standardized prevalence, mortality, and DALYs rates have increased, with AAPC of 2.46, 0.21, and 1.62, respectively. In terms of age, in 2021, the burden associated with T2DM mainly affected WCBA aged 45–49 years old. At both regional and national levels, the age-standardized mortality and DALY rates for T2DM were found to be negatively correlated with the SDI (All <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). Projection modeling showed that more WCBA were expected to develop T2DM by 2030.</p> Conclusion <p>T2DM remains an ongoing public health challenge, especially in lower SDI regions and older WCBA.</p>