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<p>Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs, ) particularly those from saffron petals (Crocus sativus L.), are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that offer an accessible and cost-effective option for therapeutic applications and possess significant potential in reducing oxidative stress and supporting cell survival. This study aimed to isolate and characterize saffron petal-derived EVs and evaluate their antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effects on L929 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. In this experimental study, EVs were extracted from saffron petals using a multistep centrifugation method. Their morphology and size were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Protein concentration was determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, and total antioxidant capacity was measured using the ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. EVs were applied to cells at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1&#xa0;mg/ml, and cell viability and migration was assessed via the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and scratch assay. The results showed that the isolated EVs exhibited a predominantly spherical to oval morphology with an average size of 58.37 ± 12.92&#xa0;nm. DLS analysis revealed a size distribution in the range of 80–140&#xa0;nm, and the zeta potential of − 12.2 mV indicated a negative surface charge and relative colloidal stability. The protein concentration of the EVs was 11.5&#xa0;µg/ml, and their antioxidant capacity ranged from 0.21 to 0.71 mmol Vitamin C eq/mg protein, with the highest activity observed at 0.1&#xa0;mg/ml. MTT assay results demonstrated that L929 cell viability significantly increased at 0.5&#xa0;mg/ml and slightly decreased at 1&#xa0;mg/ml, yet remained higher than the control, whereas the protective effect on MDA-MB-231 cells was lower, with approximately half of the cells dying at 0.5&#xa0;mg/ml. These findings indicate that saffron petal-derived EVs possess favorable physical and biological characteristics and can serve as natural carriers of antioxidant compounds, supporting healthy cells. They hold considerable potential for the development of novel plant-based therapeutic strategies.</p>

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Antioxidant Effect of Saffron Petal-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Cell Migration

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Maliheh Gharibshahian,
  • Azam Bozorgi,
  • Miran Ibrahim Hassan,
  • Saad Qasim Mustafa,
  • Leila Rezakhani

摘要

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs, ) particularly those from saffron petals (Crocus sativus L.), are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that offer an accessible and cost-effective option for therapeutic applications and possess significant potential in reducing oxidative stress and supporting cell survival. This study aimed to isolate and characterize saffron petal-derived EVs and evaluate their antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effects on L929 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. In this experimental study, EVs were extracted from saffron petals using a multistep centrifugation method. Their morphology and size were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Protein concentration was determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, and total antioxidant capacity was measured using the ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. EVs were applied to cells at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml, and cell viability and migration was assessed via the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and scratch assay. The results showed that the isolated EVs exhibited a predominantly spherical to oval morphology with an average size of 58.37 ± 12.92 nm. DLS analysis revealed a size distribution in the range of 80–140 nm, and the zeta potential of − 12.2 mV indicated a negative surface charge and relative colloidal stability. The protein concentration of the EVs was 11.5 µg/ml, and their antioxidant capacity ranged from 0.21 to 0.71 mmol Vitamin C eq/mg protein, with the highest activity observed at 0.1 mg/ml. MTT assay results demonstrated that L929 cell viability significantly increased at 0.5 mg/ml and slightly decreased at 1 mg/ml, yet remained higher than the control, whereas the protective effect on MDA-MB-231 cells was lower, with approximately half of the cells dying at 0.5 mg/ml. These findings indicate that saffron petal-derived EVs possess favorable physical and biological characteristics and can serve as natural carriers of antioxidant compounds, supporting healthy cells. They hold considerable potential for the development of novel plant-based therapeutic strategies.