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<p>Stem cells possess the unique ability to self-renew and differentiate, making them central to regenerative medicine and disease modeling. They are classified by developmental potential into totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent types, and by origin as embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and tissue-specific populations such as bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs). Advances in reprogramming methods—including Yamanaka factors, chemical and mRNA-based approaches, and non-integrating viral systems—have enabled the generation of iPSCs with applications in personalized therapy, immunology, and organ regeneration. Core transcriptional networks, particularly OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, along with epigenetic regulation, govern pluripotency and lineage specification. Recent integration of artificial intelligence has further enhanced stem cell analysis, accelerating drug discovery and disease modeling. However, major challenges remain, including low survival rates post-transplantation, inaccurate differentiation, tumorigenicity, and delivery-related safety risks. Emerging strategies such as 3D bioprinting, gene editing, and advanced culture systems offer promising solutions. Continued optimization of reprogramming, differentiation protocols, and scalable production will be critical for translating stem cell research into safe and effective clinical therapies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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“Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: from Discovery and Molecular Mechanisms To Therapeutic Applications and Clinical Challenges”

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月31日

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  • Jawharah A. Maresh,
  • Tasneem Ebrahim Radwan,
  • Basma Mostafa Nofal,
  • Aya Samir Eldakrory,
  • Maryam Mostafa Hassan,
  • Norhan Emad Hamdy,
  • Raghda W. Magar

摘要

Stem cells possess the unique ability to self-renew and differentiate, making them central to regenerative medicine and disease modeling. They are classified by developmental potential into totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent types, and by origin as embryonic, adult, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and tissue-specific populations such as bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs). Advances in reprogramming methods—including Yamanaka factors, chemical and mRNA-based approaches, and non-integrating viral systems—have enabled the generation of iPSCs with applications in personalized therapy, immunology, and organ regeneration. Core transcriptional networks, particularly OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, along with epigenetic regulation, govern pluripotency and lineage specification. Recent integration of artificial intelligence has further enhanced stem cell analysis, accelerating drug discovery and disease modeling. However, major challenges remain, including low survival rates post-transplantation, inaccurate differentiation, tumorigenicity, and delivery-related safety risks. Emerging strategies such as 3D bioprinting, gene editing, and advanced culture systems offer promising solutions. Continued optimization of reprogramming, differentiation protocols, and scalable production will be critical for translating stem cell research into safe and effective clinical therapies.

Graphical Abstract