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<p>Sustainable aquaculture increasingly relies on functional feed additives to enhance fish growth and health. This study investigated the effects of chromium chloride hexahydrate-supplemented sorghum-based diets on the growth performance, hematological, and biochemical responses of <i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> during a 90-day feeding trial. Four diets with graded Cr₂Cl₃.6H₂O levels (0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mg/kg in diet) were tested, and fish receiving moderate supplementation showed the most efficient growth and feed utilization. Hematological parameters, including hemoglobin, hematocrit, and white blood cell counts, and biochemical indicators such as serum protein, lipid profile, glucose, and liver enzymes, responded in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting potential effects on metabolic, renal, and hepatic function. Regression analysis indicated an optimal supplementation level (0.55mg/kg) that maximized growth and physiological benefits without adverse effects. These results demonstrate that moderate chromium inclusion in sorghum-based diets can enhance growth performance and overall fish health, providing a practical strategy for aquafeed optimization. This study highlights the potential of graded chromium supplementation within a sorghum-based basal diet to support sustainable and efficient aquaculture practices, providing insights for the formulation of functional feeds.</p>

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Hematological Modulation and Growth Optimization in Ctenopharyngodon idella through Sorghum Diets supplemented with Chromium Chloride hexahydrate

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Gulnaz Zia,
  • Rehana Iqbal,
  • Hamid Manzoor,
  • Muhammad Afzaal,
  • Sumaira Rasul,
  • Muhammad Khalid

摘要

Sustainable aquaculture increasingly relies on functional feed additives to enhance fish growth and health. This study investigated the effects of chromium chloride hexahydrate-supplemented sorghum-based diets on the growth performance, hematological, and biochemical responses of Ctenopharyngodon idella during a 90-day feeding trial. Four diets with graded Cr₂Cl₃.6H₂O levels (0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mg/kg in diet) were tested, and fish receiving moderate supplementation showed the most efficient growth and feed utilization. Hematological parameters, including hemoglobin, hematocrit, and white blood cell counts, and biochemical indicators such as serum protein, lipid profile, glucose, and liver enzymes, responded in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting potential effects on metabolic, renal, and hepatic function. Regression analysis indicated an optimal supplementation level (0.55mg/kg) that maximized growth and physiological benefits without adverse effects. These results demonstrate that moderate chromium inclusion in sorghum-based diets can enhance growth performance and overall fish health, providing a practical strategy for aquafeed optimization. This study highlights the potential of graded chromium supplementation within a sorghum-based basal diet to support sustainable and efficient aquaculture practices, providing insights for the formulation of functional feeds.