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<p>Milk acts as an essential pathway for heavy metal contaminants mainly in regions influenced by coal mining activities. Research emphasizes on spatial, age based and interspecies differences and associated human health risks. Milk samples were collected from cows, goats and buffaloes reared in two coal mining regions from district Chakwal, Pakistan. Milk samples were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Age related patterns revealed that Cd (cows: 0.11–0.25&#xa0;mg/L; goats: 0.13–0.18&#xa0;mg/L; buffaloes: 0.09–0.19&#xa0;mg/L), Cu (0.45–0.89; 0.36–0.54; 0.17–0.35&#xa0;mg/L), Cr (0.10–0.35; 0.30–0.36; 0.09–0.29&#xa0;mg/L) and Mn (0.35–0.68; 0.34–0.85; 0.60–0.72&#xa0;mg/L) concentrations increased with advancing age while Zn and Fe showed a declining trend. Spatial analysis displayed that milk samples from Choa contained higher concentrations of most metals compared to Minhala. Among the species, buffalo milk exhibited lower metal accumulation. Health hazard investigation based on estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) demonstrated higher hazard levels in children because of lessened body mass and greater milk consumption. In some cases, HI values for children exceeded the acceptable threshold (&gt; 1) and CR levels for Cd and Cr surpassed permissible range (TCR = 0.0124). The results underscore potential of milk as a major exposure pathway for metals in coal mining regions and emphasize the requirement for constant inspecting and mitigation tactics to guard public health.</p>

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Cow, Buffalo and Goat Milk as a Pathway for Heavy Metal Exposure from Coal Mining Activities with Spatial and Species-Specific Health Risk Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月2日

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  • Aima Iram Batool,
  • Muhammad FayyazUrRehman,
  • Javaria Ikram,
  • Naima Huma Naveed,
  • Hakim Bibi

摘要

Milk acts as an essential pathway for heavy metal contaminants mainly in regions influenced by coal mining activities. Research emphasizes on spatial, age based and interspecies differences and associated human health risks. Milk samples were collected from cows, goats and buffaloes reared in two coal mining regions from district Chakwal, Pakistan. Milk samples were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Age related patterns revealed that Cd (cows: 0.11–0.25 mg/L; goats: 0.13–0.18 mg/L; buffaloes: 0.09–0.19 mg/L), Cu (0.45–0.89; 0.36–0.54; 0.17–0.35 mg/L), Cr (0.10–0.35; 0.30–0.36; 0.09–0.29 mg/L) and Mn (0.35–0.68; 0.34–0.85; 0.60–0.72 mg/L) concentrations increased with advancing age while Zn and Fe showed a declining trend. Spatial analysis displayed that milk samples from Choa contained higher concentrations of most metals compared to Minhala. Among the species, buffalo milk exhibited lower metal accumulation. Health hazard investigation based on estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) demonstrated higher hazard levels in children because of lessened body mass and greater milk consumption. In some cases, HI values for children exceeded the acceptable threshold (> 1) and CR levels for Cd and Cr surpassed permissible range (TCR = 0.0124). The results underscore potential of milk as a major exposure pathway for metals in coal mining regions and emphasize the requirement for constant inspecting and mitigation tactics to guard public health.