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<p>This study evaluated the concentration and time-dependent effects of lead (Pb) exposure on bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity in three Indian major carps (<i>Catla catla</i>,<i> Labeo rohita</i>, and <i>Cirrhinus mrigala</i>). Fish were exposed to four sub-lethal concentrations of Pb (2/3rd, 1/3rd, 1/4th, and 1/5th of 96-h LC<sub>50</sub>) for 84 days along with control groups, and Pb accumulation (liver, gills, brain, kidney, and muscles), antioxidant enzyme activities, and DNA damage in erythrocytes were assessed. Results showed significant differences (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in Pb bioaccumulation among tissues and species, with the highest levels in the liver, followed by gills, brain, kidney, and muscles. Among species, <i>C. mrigala</i> accumulated the most Pb, followed by <i>L. rohita</i>, while <i>C. catla</i> showed the least. Antioxidant enzyme activities varied significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) with Pb concentration and duration. SOD and CAT activities increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with the strongest responses in <i>C. catla</i> and <i>L. rohita</i>, whereas POD activity peaked at moderate Pb levels but declined under prolonged exposure, especially in <i>C. mrigala</i>. Significant DNA damage confirmed by comet assay, which intensified with higher Pb concentrations and longer exposure durations. <i>C. mrigala</i> exhibited the highest genotoxic response, followed by <i>L. rohita</i>, while <i>C. catla</i> was comparatively more resilient. Overall, the findings highlight species-specific differences in Pb accumulation and defense mechanisms, indicating that <i>C. mrigala</i> is the most vulnerable to Pb toxicity. These results underscore the ecological risks of Pb contamination in freshwater systems and highlight Pb’s potential to disrupt freshwater ecosystem health.</p>

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Effects of Lead Concentration and Exposure Time on Accumulation, Antioxidant Defense, and Genotoxicity in Indian Major Carps

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月20日

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  • Fariha Latif,
  • Javed Ahmed Ujan,
  • Khalid Hussain Rind,
  • Syed Sikandar Habib,
  • Saira Naz,
  • Ahmed Al-Emam

摘要

This study evaluated the concentration and time-dependent effects of lead (Pb) exposure on bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity in three Indian major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala). Fish were exposed to four sub-lethal concentrations of Pb (2/3rd, 1/3rd, 1/4th, and 1/5th of 96-h LC50) for 84 days along with control groups, and Pb accumulation (liver, gills, brain, kidney, and muscles), antioxidant enzyme activities, and DNA damage in erythrocytes were assessed. Results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in Pb bioaccumulation among tissues and species, with the highest levels in the liver, followed by gills, brain, kidney, and muscles. Among species, C. mrigala accumulated the most Pb, followed by L. rohita, while C. catla showed the least. Antioxidant enzyme activities varied significantly (p < 0.05) with Pb concentration and duration. SOD and CAT activities increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with the strongest responses in C. catla and L. rohita, whereas POD activity peaked at moderate Pb levels but declined under prolonged exposure, especially in C. mrigala. Significant DNA damage confirmed by comet assay, which intensified with higher Pb concentrations and longer exposure durations. C. mrigala exhibited the highest genotoxic response, followed by L. rohita, while C. catla was comparatively more resilient. Overall, the findings highlight species-specific differences in Pb accumulation and defense mechanisms, indicating that C. mrigala is the most vulnerable to Pb toxicity. These results underscore the ecological risks of Pb contamination in freshwater systems and highlight Pb’s potential to disrupt freshwater ecosystem health.