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<p>In this study, we developed a transdermal tumor vaccine based on total RNA from melanoma cells undergoing immunogenic cell death (ICD). The vaccine employed mannosylated chitosan (MC) modified ethosomes (Eth<sup>MC</sup>) as the delivery vehicle, in which the total RNA isolated from tumor cells undergoing celastrol-induced ICD (C-RNA) was electrostatically complexed with protamine (C-RNA-Prt) and subsequently encapsulated. Using electrospray deposition, the C-RNA-Prt loaded Eth<sup>MC</sup> (C-RNA-Prt@Eth<sup>MC</sup>) was immobilized onto a silk fibroin membrane (SFM) to generate a tumor vaccine patch (C-RNA-Prt@Eth<sup>MC</sup>/SFM). In vitro studies demonstrated that this vaccine effectively targeted and activated dendritic cells (DCs), triggering the secretion of key pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ, and promoting T-cell proliferation and differentiation. Animal immunization experiments further confirmed that the vaccine markedly elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced splenocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against melanoma cells, and exhibited no observable toxicity in major organs. Collectively, this transdermal vaccine patch demonstrated significant immunostimulatory activity, favorable biosafety, and therapeutic potential, providing an effective strategy for the design of personalized transdermal tumor vaccines.</p>

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Construction of Transcutaneous Immuno-oncology Vaccine Patches Based on Total RNA from Immunogenic Cell Death-Induced Tumor Cells: Characterization, Immunological Activity, and Safety Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月10日

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  • Shuqi Lou,
  • Rongkun Huang,
  • Zhen Chen,
  • Tiantian He,
  • Lan Shuai,
  • Sunfei Chen,
  • Shenghan Duan,
  • Hongsheng Wang

摘要

In this study, we developed a transdermal tumor vaccine based on total RNA from melanoma cells undergoing immunogenic cell death (ICD). The vaccine employed mannosylated chitosan (MC) modified ethosomes (EthMC) as the delivery vehicle, in which the total RNA isolated from tumor cells undergoing celastrol-induced ICD (C-RNA) was electrostatically complexed with protamine (C-RNA-Prt) and subsequently encapsulated. Using electrospray deposition, the C-RNA-Prt loaded EthMC (C-RNA-Prt@EthMC) was immobilized onto a silk fibroin membrane (SFM) to generate a tumor vaccine patch (C-RNA-Prt@EthMC/SFM). In vitro studies demonstrated that this vaccine effectively targeted and activated dendritic cells (DCs), triggering the secretion of key pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ, and promoting T-cell proliferation and differentiation. Animal immunization experiments further confirmed that the vaccine markedly elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced splenocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against melanoma cells, and exhibited no observable toxicity in major organs. Collectively, this transdermal vaccine patch demonstrated significant immunostimulatory activity, favorable biosafety, and therapeutic potential, providing an effective strategy for the design of personalized transdermal tumor vaccines.