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<p>As an interspecies-signaling molecule, indole that is also regulating the microbial community quorum sensing (QS) can be an indispensable factor in influencing the performance of an anaerobic digestion process. Mainly released by Gram-negative bacteria, the impact of indole regulation on methane production in such a system is hardly exposed. This research intends to analyze the methane production affected by the microbial community fluctuations in the waste sewage sludge (WSS) in response to QS repression by indole and its analogs: 4-fluoroindole (4-FI), 5-fluoroindole (5-FI), 6-fluoroindole (6-FI), 3-indoleacetic acid (3-IAA), and 3-indoleacrylic acid (3-IARA). Illumina MiSeq platform was utilized to delve into the active microbes, with ribonucleic acid (RNA) used as the template to generate the 16S metagenomic library. As results, all of them inhibit methane generation even with substrates (acetic acid) availability, and this phenomenon can be led by the slight imbalance of Gram-positive/negative bacterial composition and the inactivation of the viable core fermenters: <i>Firmicutes</i>, <i>Proteobacteria</i>, and <i>Chloroflexi</i>. Plus, the following compounds, indole, 3-IAA, and 6-FI directly disrupted methane production by both acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea. <i>Methanosarcina acetivorans</i> C2A, as a prominent methane synthesizer, was also characterized in terms of its viability and methane synthesis activity against them. Notably, <i>Methanosarcina acetivorans</i> C2A was non-viable in the presence of indole and 6-FI, thus lowering methane production. From here, the affirmation of the direct and indirect inhibitions of methanogenic archaea by indole and its derivatives will pave the way for a valuable future exploration of QS mechanism mapping in archaea during methanogenesis.</p>

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Unveiling the Impact of Indole Derivatives on Methanogenic Archaea and Microbial Functions in Anaerobic Digestion of Waste Sewage Sludge

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月8日

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  • Nurhasliza Zolkefli,
  • Xiao Shui,
  • Kedong Ma,
  • Nurul Asyifah Mustapha,
  • Toshinari Maeda

摘要

As an interspecies-signaling molecule, indole that is also regulating the microbial community quorum sensing (QS) can be an indispensable factor in influencing the performance of an anaerobic digestion process. Mainly released by Gram-negative bacteria, the impact of indole regulation on methane production in such a system is hardly exposed. This research intends to analyze the methane production affected by the microbial community fluctuations in the waste sewage sludge (WSS) in response to QS repression by indole and its analogs: 4-fluoroindole (4-FI), 5-fluoroindole (5-FI), 6-fluoroindole (6-FI), 3-indoleacetic acid (3-IAA), and 3-indoleacrylic acid (3-IARA). Illumina MiSeq platform was utilized to delve into the active microbes, with ribonucleic acid (RNA) used as the template to generate the 16S metagenomic library. As results, all of them inhibit methane generation even with substrates (acetic acid) availability, and this phenomenon can be led by the slight imbalance of Gram-positive/negative bacterial composition and the inactivation of the viable core fermenters: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi. Plus, the following compounds, indole, 3-IAA, and 6-FI directly disrupted methane production by both acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea. Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A, as a prominent methane synthesizer, was also characterized in terms of its viability and methane synthesis activity against them. Notably, Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A was non-viable in the presence of indole and 6-FI, thus lowering methane production. From here, the affirmation of the direct and indirect inhibitions of methanogenic archaea by indole and its derivatives will pave the way for a valuable future exploration of QS mechanism mapping in archaea during methanogenesis.