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<p>Armored vehicles typically use ballistic wheel hubs to protect critical subsystems such as brake discs and the Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS). The most used material is Armox 500 type armor steel, manufactured in accordance with various ballistic standards such as EN-1522 and Stanag. Ballistic wheel hubs made from these materials are highly effective in protecting the wheel hub and critical subsystems against harsh terrain conditions and explosions. However, this security can affect the thermal behavior of the systems it is tasked with protecting. This study investigates the thermal effect of the ballistic wheel hub cover on heat distribution using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses and field test validation. Field studies were conducted by recording the temperature formation on the wheels of an armored vehicle for 72&#xa0;min under different driving performances using an IR pyrometer and thermal camera. The results were recorded by stopping at a measurement station every 18&#xa0;min. The evaluation shows that while performing its protective function, the ballistic cover reduces convective heat transfer around the wheel hub, thereby causing local temperature increases in that area. When comparing the results for the situation that hub is removed obtained from both measurement methodologies, consistent results (ΔT &lt; 8%) were obtained, validating the simulation. However, in the presence of the hub, higher temperature differences are observed between the experimental and simulation results.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Evaluation of heat distribution behavior of ballistic wheel hub covers in armored vehicles using CFD and experimental validation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Mehmet Cem Küçük,
  • Lokman Yünlü

摘要

Armored vehicles typically use ballistic wheel hubs to protect critical subsystems such as brake discs and the Central Tire Inflation System (CTIS). The most used material is Armox 500 type armor steel, manufactured in accordance with various ballistic standards such as EN-1522 and Stanag. Ballistic wheel hubs made from these materials are highly effective in protecting the wheel hub and critical subsystems against harsh terrain conditions and explosions. However, this security can affect the thermal behavior of the systems it is tasked with protecting. This study investigates the thermal effect of the ballistic wheel hub cover on heat distribution using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses and field test validation. Field studies were conducted by recording the temperature formation on the wheels of an armored vehicle for 72 min under different driving performances using an IR pyrometer and thermal camera. The results were recorded by stopping at a measurement station every 18 min. The evaluation shows that while performing its protective function, the ballistic cover reduces convective heat transfer around the wheel hub, thereby causing local temperature increases in that area. When comparing the results for the situation that hub is removed obtained from both measurement methodologies, consistent results (ΔT < 8%) were obtained, validating the simulation. However, in the presence of the hub, higher temperature differences are observed between the experimental and simulation results.

Graphical abstract