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<p>This paper aims to analyze the behavior of the weft, warp, and binder yarn in a 3D orthogonal weave under low-velocity impact. Ultra-Heavy Molecular Weight Polyethylene (U), carbon (C), and E-Glass (E) fiber yarns are used for modeling of 5-Layer 3D Orthogonal Weave (5L3DOW) through defining the parameters of each kind of yarn in TexGen. A total of nine combinations of 5L3DOW are considered in this study, i.e., CCC, UUU, EEE, CUE, CEU, UEC, UCE, ECU, and EUC, as weft, wrap, and binder yarn, respectively. Areal density and cost of the different combinations of 5L3DOW are calculated on the base of yarn used in the respective unit cell. A numerical model using Ansys explicit dynamic is developed to analyze the energy absorption of low-velocity impact on a designed 5L3DOW. In the simulation, the kinetic energy absorbed versus time is reported to characterize the ballistic performance of each combination of 5L3DOW impacted with a rigid, hemispherical-ended steel projectile. It is observed that UUU, CCC, CUE, CEU, and UCE absorbed the complete kinetic energy (19.97 J) in 0.00116, 0.00104, 0.00107, 0.00110, and 0.00114&#xa0;s, respectively. Maximum and minimum internal energy are reported on the weft and binder-oriented fiber, respectively, in all nine sets of combinations of 5L3DOW. Furthermore, the hybrid AHP-TOPSIS multicriteria decision-making approach is performed to select the optimized designed 5L3DOW on the criteria of kinetic energy absorbed, time, internal energy, areal density, and cost of the designed 5L3DOW structures. The optimization results revealed that UCE creates the optimal 5L3DOW structure for ballistic performance.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Effect of 3D orthogonal fiber weave and type for ballistic application: a numerical approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月21日

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  • Mahavir Choudhary,
  • Ramesh Chand,
  • Sampad Kumar Biswas,
  • Vikas Kukshal,
  • Amar Patnaik

摘要

This paper aims to analyze the behavior of the weft, warp, and binder yarn in a 3D orthogonal weave under low-velocity impact. Ultra-Heavy Molecular Weight Polyethylene (U), carbon (C), and E-Glass (E) fiber yarns are used for modeling of 5-Layer 3D Orthogonal Weave (5L3DOW) through defining the parameters of each kind of yarn in TexGen. A total of nine combinations of 5L3DOW are considered in this study, i.e., CCC, UUU, EEE, CUE, CEU, UEC, UCE, ECU, and EUC, as weft, wrap, and binder yarn, respectively. Areal density and cost of the different combinations of 5L3DOW are calculated on the base of yarn used in the respective unit cell. A numerical model using Ansys explicit dynamic is developed to analyze the energy absorption of low-velocity impact on a designed 5L3DOW. In the simulation, the kinetic energy absorbed versus time is reported to characterize the ballistic performance of each combination of 5L3DOW impacted with a rigid, hemispherical-ended steel projectile. It is observed that UUU, CCC, CUE, CEU, and UCE absorbed the complete kinetic energy (19.97 J) in 0.00116, 0.00104, 0.00107, 0.00110, and 0.00114 s, respectively. Maximum and minimum internal energy are reported on the weft and binder-oriented fiber, respectively, in all nine sets of combinations of 5L3DOW. Furthermore, the hybrid AHP-TOPSIS multicriteria decision-making approach is performed to select the optimized designed 5L3DOW on the criteria of kinetic energy absorbed, time, internal energy, areal density, and cost of the designed 5L3DOW structures. The optimization results revealed that UCE creates the optimal 5L3DOW structure for ballistic performance.

Graphical abstract