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<p>Marine biofouling brings operational and economic issues for maritime industries. Self-polishing antifouling (SPA) paint represents a cutting-edge technology, providing withstanding fouling prevention via a controlled surface hydrolysis mechanism that guarantees a consistent release of biocide. However, the environmental impact of toxic antifoulants in the SPA paint has encouraged investigations on novel co-biocides that improve efficacy while minimizing ecological risks. This study presents a novel SPA paint that incorporates cerium oxide (CeO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles (0.1–0.5% wt.) as a nontoxic co-biocide. The antifouling paint performance was systematically evaluated based on three key factors: antibacterial efficacy, surface hydrophilicity, and kinetics of biocide release. The antibacterial assessment of CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles and the formulation paint against <i>Pseudoalteromonas shioyasakiensis</i>, a typical marine fouling bacterium, exhibited markedly improved antibacterial efficacy compared to the control, as verified by the plate count test. Furthermore, measurements of the water contact angle confirmed slightly increased surface hydrophilicity, an essential characteristic for diminishing initial microbial attachment. The influence of CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles on the biocide-release properties of the SPA paint was investigated using leaching-out tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and optical microscopy (OM). Leaching-out tests revealed a significant increase of total copper release from 4.4 to 5.7&#xa0;mg/cm<sup>2</sup> in the CeO<sub>2</sub>-modified SPA paints relative to the control samples. EIS confirmed this finding by revealing a lower coating impedance, which correlated to higher porosity and water permeability. SEM-EDX and OM observations confirmed that CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles facilitate a more porous and uniformly erodible matrix. The synergy of SPA paint technology and CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles provides direct antibacterial action while simultaneously promoting a more effective self-polishing and biocide-release mechanism, indicating that this formulation is a promising and environmentally-friendly option for next-generation marine antifouling paints.</p>

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Self-polishing antifouling paint with cerium oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial, hydrophilicity, and biocide-release performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Arini Nikitasari,
  • Heddy Julistiono,
  • Ahmad Royani,
  • Yudi Nugraha Thaha,
  • Albertus Deny Heri Setyawan,
  • Gadang Priyotomo,
  • Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono,
  • Rini Riastuti

摘要

Marine biofouling brings operational and economic issues for maritime industries. Self-polishing antifouling (SPA) paint represents a cutting-edge technology, providing withstanding fouling prevention via a controlled surface hydrolysis mechanism that guarantees a consistent release of biocide. However, the environmental impact of toxic antifoulants in the SPA paint has encouraged investigations on novel co-biocides that improve efficacy while minimizing ecological risks. This study presents a novel SPA paint that incorporates cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (0.1–0.5% wt.) as a nontoxic co-biocide. The antifouling paint performance was systematically evaluated based on three key factors: antibacterial efficacy, surface hydrophilicity, and kinetics of biocide release. The antibacterial assessment of CeO2 nanoparticles and the formulation paint against Pseudoalteromonas shioyasakiensis, a typical marine fouling bacterium, exhibited markedly improved antibacterial efficacy compared to the control, as verified by the plate count test. Furthermore, measurements of the water contact angle confirmed slightly increased surface hydrophilicity, an essential characteristic for diminishing initial microbial attachment. The influence of CeO2 nanoparticles on the biocide-release properties of the SPA paint was investigated using leaching-out tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and optical microscopy (OM). Leaching-out tests revealed a significant increase of total copper release from 4.4 to 5.7 mg/cm2 in the CeO2-modified SPA paints relative to the control samples. EIS confirmed this finding by revealing a lower coating impedance, which correlated to higher porosity and water permeability. SEM-EDX and OM observations confirmed that CeO2 nanoparticles facilitate a more porous and uniformly erodible matrix. The synergy of SPA paint technology and CeO2 nanoparticles provides direct antibacterial action while simultaneously promoting a more effective self-polishing and biocide-release mechanism, indicating that this formulation is a promising and environmentally-friendly option for next-generation marine antifouling paints.