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<p>The rising demand for nutrient-efficient and environmentally sustainable fertilizers has driven innovation in advanced controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs). This review comprehensively analyzes hybrid coating systems that combine stimuli-responsive polymers and nanomaterials to enable precise and adaptive nutrient delivery. The discussion covers the underlying mechanisms of nutrient diffusion, polymer degradation, and stimuli-triggered release, supported by insights from laboratory evaluations and modeling approaches. Nanomaterials contribute enhanced barrier strength, structural stability, and sustained release, whereas smart polymers provide environmental responsiveness, enabling synchronization between nutrient release and plant uptake. When integrated, these components yield hybrid coatings with improved mechanical integrity, prolonged release duration, and reduced nutrient loss through leaching and volatilization. The review also evaluates recent progress in synthesis strategies, coating architectures, and field performance, while addressing biodegradability, safety, and regulatory challenges. Finally, it identifies key research gaps and future directions for developing next-generation, eco-efficient CRFs that align with sustainable and precision agriculture goals.</p>

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Design and evaluation of hybrid stimuli-responsive and nanomaterial-based coatings for controlled-release fertilizers: a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Babar Azeem

摘要

The rising demand for nutrient-efficient and environmentally sustainable fertilizers has driven innovation in advanced controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs). This review comprehensively analyzes hybrid coating systems that combine stimuli-responsive polymers and nanomaterials to enable precise and adaptive nutrient delivery. The discussion covers the underlying mechanisms of nutrient diffusion, polymer degradation, and stimuli-triggered release, supported by insights from laboratory evaluations and modeling approaches. Nanomaterials contribute enhanced barrier strength, structural stability, and sustained release, whereas smart polymers provide environmental responsiveness, enabling synchronization between nutrient release and plant uptake. When integrated, these components yield hybrid coatings with improved mechanical integrity, prolonged release duration, and reduced nutrient loss through leaching and volatilization. The review also evaluates recent progress in synthesis strategies, coating architectures, and field performance, while addressing biodegradability, safety, and regulatory challenges. Finally, it identifies key research gaps and future directions for developing next-generation, eco-efficient CRFs that align with sustainable and precision agriculture goals.