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<p>Metal and metal oxide (M and MO) nanoparticles are nanosized materials in the size range of 10–100&#xa0;nm along one dimension. M and MO can be synthesized either by top-down or bottom-up approach. Among the synthesis methods, biological routes of synthesis have been demonstrated to be more eco-friendly exhibiting enhanced activity, compared to nanoparticles synthesized by physical and chemical methods. However, poor reproducibility of the biological route of synthesis is a matter of concern. M and MO nanoparticles find extensive application in marine antifouling coatings, exterior paint coatings, antimicrobial protective coatings for surfaces in clinical settings and hospital environments, and&#xa0;antimicrobial textiles. Apart from environmental applications, to a certain extent, M and MO nanoparticles have achieved success as drug delivery agents and in targeted treatment of cancer cells. Among the various metal and MO nanoparticles, nanoparticles like silver, gold, copper, iron, and zinc and their composites find wide applications as antimicrobial and antifouling protective coatings. This review brings out their antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antifouling activity focusing mainly on marine biofouling. Methods for surface immobilization of M and MO nanoparticles to develop an antimicrobial surface were actively researched during the last two decades; however, recently M and MO nanoparticles have found increasing application in combination with polymer matrix to form antimicrobial polymer nanocomposites. This advantage is due to the new generation of antifouling coatings, known as nanocomposite polymer coatings, having a chemical composition free of toxins and being simple to apply on a large scale. This comprehensive review paper discusses the present state of research on M and MO nanoparticles along with polymer-based nanocomposites as effective antifouling agents in marine environments.</p>

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Revolutionizing marine antifouling: metal-based nanoparticles and polymer hybrid coatings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • C. Anu,
  • D. Inbakandan,
  • S. Manikandan,
  • Clarita Clements,
  • Subham Chakraborty,
  • T. Naren Kumar,
  • V. Jeevitha

摘要

Metal and metal oxide (M and MO) nanoparticles are nanosized materials in the size range of 10–100 nm along one dimension. M and MO can be synthesized either by top-down or bottom-up approach. Among the synthesis methods, biological routes of synthesis have been demonstrated to be more eco-friendly exhibiting enhanced activity, compared to nanoparticles synthesized by physical and chemical methods. However, poor reproducibility of the biological route of synthesis is a matter of concern. M and MO nanoparticles find extensive application in marine antifouling coatings, exterior paint coatings, antimicrobial protective coatings for surfaces in clinical settings and hospital environments, and antimicrobial textiles. Apart from environmental applications, to a certain extent, M and MO nanoparticles have achieved success as drug delivery agents and in targeted treatment of cancer cells. Among the various metal and MO nanoparticles, nanoparticles like silver, gold, copper, iron, and zinc and their composites find wide applications as antimicrobial and antifouling protective coatings. This review brings out their antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antifouling activity focusing mainly on marine biofouling. Methods for surface immobilization of M and MO nanoparticles to develop an antimicrobial surface were actively researched during the last two decades; however, recently M and MO nanoparticles have found increasing application in combination with polymer matrix to form antimicrobial polymer nanocomposites. This advantage is due to the new generation of antifouling coatings, known as nanocomposite polymer coatings, having a chemical composition free of toxins and being simple to apply on a large scale. This comprehensive review paper discusses the present state of research on M and MO nanoparticles along with polymer-based nanocomposites as effective antifouling agents in marine environments.