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<p>This study investigates epoxy-lignite composite as a coating membrane for controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs). Two CRFs were developed by coating urea with different coating thicknesses, named Epox3 and Epox5. In urea dissolution test, the complete urea release took place in 144 and 408&#xa0;h for Epox3 and Epox5, respectively. The coating percentage of Epox3 and Epox5 were 7.8% and 13.7%, respectively. Epox3 exhibited a surge in release of urea at around 130&#xa0;h due to failure release. Scanning electron microscopy analysis verified the compact nature of the coating, revealing a distinct depression in the interface of urea and coating. The weak interactions between lignite and epoxy resin were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis. Thermal degradation of Epox5 occurred earlier than Epox3 as the former has higher epoxy content. Both CRFs showed high level of abrasion resistance. Effective porosity of Epox5 (12.28%) significantly (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) lower than Epox3 (2.35%). The slower release of urea by Epox5 compared to Epox3 was attributed to the lower porosity, reduced water absorbency and the higher coating density resulting from the thicker coating layer. Fitted models with urea release from CRFs suggests that non-Fickian anomalous transport was the prominent mechanism for urea release.</p>

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Epoxy-lignite composite coated controlled-release fertilizers: formulation and characterization

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月18日

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  • Abhiram Gunaratnam,
  • Peter Bishop,
  • Paramsothy Jeyakumar,
  • Miles Grafton,
  • Clive E. Davies,
  • Murray McCurdy

摘要

This study investigates epoxy-lignite composite as a coating membrane for controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs). Two CRFs were developed by coating urea with different coating thicknesses, named Epox3 and Epox5. In urea dissolution test, the complete urea release took place in 144 and 408 h for Epox3 and Epox5, respectively. The coating percentage of Epox3 and Epox5 were 7.8% and 13.7%, respectively. Epox3 exhibited a surge in release of urea at around 130 h due to failure release. Scanning electron microscopy analysis verified the compact nature of the coating, revealing a distinct depression in the interface of urea and coating. The weak interactions between lignite and epoxy resin were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis. Thermal degradation of Epox5 occurred earlier than Epox3 as the former has higher epoxy content. Both CRFs showed high level of abrasion resistance. Effective porosity of Epox5 (12.28%) significantly (P < 0.05) lower than Epox3 (2.35%). The slower release of urea by Epox5 compared to Epox3 was attributed to the lower porosity, reduced water absorbency and the higher coating density resulting from the thicker coating layer. Fitted models with urea release from CRFs suggests that non-Fickian anomalous transport was the prominent mechanism for urea release.