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<p>Nanofiltration (NF) offers a sustainable, low-temperature strategy for the recovery of thermolabile bioactive compounds from plant-derived matrices; however, the coupled effects of operating parameters during NF of ethanol-rich food extracts remain insufficiently explored. This study investigated the combined influence of temperature (from 20 to 30&#xa0;°C) and transmembrane pressure (TMP, 10–30&#xa0;bar) on flavonoid rejection, total antioxidant activity (TAA) rejection, and permeate flux during the NF of a 75% (v/v) ethanolic citrus peel extract using a phosphoric acid-crosslinked polybenzimidazole (PBI) mixed matrix membrane. A face-centered central composite design within a response surface methodology framework produced statistically robust quadratic models (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.92). Results revealed that TMP predominantly enhances rejection through increased convective transport, and interfacial accumulation, while temperature exhibited a nonlinear effect governed primarily by a reduction in hydraulic resistance, accompanied by modest increases in solute diffusivity and temperature-dependent changes in phytochemical intermolecular interactions. The observed deviation between flavonoid and TAA rejection trends reflects compositional heterogeneity and size-dependent transport of structurally diverse antioxidant species. Multi-response optimization identified an optimum at 25.3&#xa0;°C and 30&#xa0;bar, achieving 91.5% flavonoid rejection, 77% TAA retention and a permeate flux of 11.4 L m<sup>−2</sup>&#xa0;h<sup>−1</sup>. Fouling analysis revealed intermediate pore blocking, coupled with concentration polarization, as the dominant fouling mechanism. Under the optimized operating conditions, the optimized PBI-O membrane exhibited superior antifouling performance and cleanability, achieving a lower fouling index (FI, 40.2% vs 76.5%) and a higher flux recovery ratio (FRR, 90.5% vs 85.1%) compared with the unmodified PBI membrane. These findings provide mechanistic insight for designing sustainable NF processes for valorizing citrus waste into functional food ingredients from complex ethanolic feeds.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effect of Nanofiltration Operating Parameters on Phytochemical Separation Using Polybenzimidazole Mixed Matrix Membrane via Organic Solvent Nanofiltration

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Imesha Samarathunga,
  • G. S. M. D. P. Sethunga,
  • Jayantha Epaarachchi,
  • Madhubhashitha Herath

摘要

Nanofiltration (NF) offers a sustainable, low-temperature strategy for the recovery of thermolabile bioactive compounds from plant-derived matrices; however, the coupled effects of operating parameters during NF of ethanol-rich food extracts remain insufficiently explored. This study investigated the combined influence of temperature (from 20 to 30 °C) and transmembrane pressure (TMP, 10–30 bar) on flavonoid rejection, total antioxidant activity (TAA) rejection, and permeate flux during the NF of a 75% (v/v) ethanolic citrus peel extract using a phosphoric acid-crosslinked polybenzimidazole (PBI) mixed matrix membrane. A face-centered central composite design within a response surface methodology framework produced statistically robust quadratic models (R2 > 0.92). Results revealed that TMP predominantly enhances rejection through increased convective transport, and interfacial accumulation, while temperature exhibited a nonlinear effect governed primarily by a reduction in hydraulic resistance, accompanied by modest increases in solute diffusivity and temperature-dependent changes in phytochemical intermolecular interactions. The observed deviation between flavonoid and TAA rejection trends reflects compositional heterogeneity and size-dependent transport of structurally diverse antioxidant species. Multi-response optimization identified an optimum at 25.3 °C and 30 bar, achieving 91.5% flavonoid rejection, 77% TAA retention and a permeate flux of 11.4 L m−2 h−1. Fouling analysis revealed intermediate pore blocking, coupled with concentration polarization, as the dominant fouling mechanism. Under the optimized operating conditions, the optimized PBI-O membrane exhibited superior antifouling performance and cleanability, achieving a lower fouling index (FI, 40.2% vs 76.5%) and a higher flux recovery ratio (FRR, 90.5% vs 85.1%) compared with the unmodified PBI membrane. These findings provide mechanistic insight for designing sustainable NF processes for valorizing citrus waste into functional food ingredients from complex ethanolic feeds.

Graphical Abstract