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<p>A green ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase system (UA-ATPS) comprising ethanol and K₂HPO₄ was developed for simultaneous extraction of total flavonoids (TF) and total phenols (TP) from onion skin. Using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology, optimal extraction conditions were established as 37.2% ethanol, 15.7% salt, and 9.67&#xa0;min ultrasonication, achieving maximum yields of 47.15&#xa0;mg/g TF and 64.48&#xa0;mg/g TP. Systematic investigation of the extraction mechanism via HPLC, FT-IR, SEM, kinetic modeling, and density functional theory revealed that hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, ultrasonic cavitation, and phosphate-mediated interactions synergistically enhanced the release and partitioning of target compounds. The UA-ATPS extract demonstrated superior antioxidant activity compared to conventional ethanol extracts in ABTS and FRAP assays. This sustainable strategy effectively valorizes onion skin waste into high-value bioactive ingredients for food and pharmaceutical applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Process Optimization, Extraction Mechanism and Antioxidant Activity of Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction of Total Phenols and Total Flavonoids from Onion Skin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Bo Huang,
  • Xinle Wang,
  • Xingping Mou,
  • Yuzhen Yang,
  • Eryong Xu,
  • Xinsheng Wang,
  • Yanfang Wu

摘要

A green ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase system (UA-ATPS) comprising ethanol and K₂HPO₄ was developed for simultaneous extraction of total flavonoids (TF) and total phenols (TP) from onion skin. Using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology, optimal extraction conditions were established as 37.2% ethanol, 15.7% salt, and 9.67 min ultrasonication, achieving maximum yields of 47.15 mg/g TF and 64.48 mg/g TP. Systematic investigation of the extraction mechanism via HPLC, FT-IR, SEM, kinetic modeling, and density functional theory revealed that hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, ultrasonic cavitation, and phosphate-mediated interactions synergistically enhanced the release and partitioning of target compounds. The UA-ATPS extract demonstrated superior antioxidant activity compared to conventional ethanol extracts in ABTS and FRAP assays. This sustainable strategy effectively valorizes onion skin waste into high-value bioactive ingredients for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Graphical Abstract