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<p>Papaya seed oil (<i>Carica papaya</i>) is gaining interest for its potential applications as a functional food ingredient. Papaya seeds, usually discarded as agro-industrial waste, represent a valuable source of oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids. This study evaluated several extraction methods, including Soxhlet extraction, maceration, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), hydraulic pressing, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), using pure ethanol and pure isopropanol as green solvents. Soxhlet extraction with hexane for 24&#xa0;h at 121&#xa0;°C achieved the highest yield (30.91 ± 0.49%) and was used as the reference. Among the greener techniques, UAE performed at 400 W for 30&#xa0;min with isopropanol achieved the best compromise between yield (22.50 ± 0.27%) and oil quality, showing the lowest acidity index (9.00 ± 2.16&#xa0;mg KOH/g). Therefore, UAE was selected for further optimization by varying ultrasound power (0–400 W), extraction time (5–30&#xa0;min), and solvent composition (isopropanol, 50:50 ethanol–isopropanol mixture, and ethanol). The optimal extraction conditions were 200 W for 30&#xa0;min using a 1:1 ethanol-isopropanol solvent mixture, which resulted in an extraction yield of 26.34%, corresponding to an oil recovery of approximately 85% relative to the Soxhlet reference. The mixed solvent enhanced extraction efficiency by improving mass transfer through the combined effects of solvent polarity and ultrasonic cavitation, confirming that ultrasound-assisted extraction with green solvent mixtures is an effective method for papaya seed oil recovery.</p>

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Comparative Study of Conventional and Emerging Extraction Methods for Papaya Seed Oil: Process Optimization and Quality Evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • Neamtallah Assaf,
  • Amira Metouekel,
  • Lynn Rhayem,
  • Cedric Guerin,
  • Malak Tabib,
  • Shuli Liu,
  • Massimiliano Rinaldi,
  • Emma Chiavaro,
  • Gwenn Atheaux,
  • Nabil Grimi

摘要

Papaya seed oil (Carica papaya) is gaining interest for its potential applications as a functional food ingredient. Papaya seeds, usually discarded as agro-industrial waste, represent a valuable source of oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids. This study evaluated several extraction methods, including Soxhlet extraction, maceration, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), hydraulic pressing, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), using pure ethanol and pure isopropanol as green solvents. Soxhlet extraction with hexane for 24 h at 121 °C achieved the highest yield (30.91 ± 0.49%) and was used as the reference. Among the greener techniques, UAE performed at 400 W for 30 min with isopropanol achieved the best compromise between yield (22.50 ± 0.27%) and oil quality, showing the lowest acidity index (9.00 ± 2.16 mg KOH/g). Therefore, UAE was selected for further optimization by varying ultrasound power (0–400 W), extraction time (5–30 min), and solvent composition (isopropanol, 50:50 ethanol–isopropanol mixture, and ethanol). The optimal extraction conditions were 200 W for 30 min using a 1:1 ethanol-isopropanol solvent mixture, which resulted in an extraction yield of 26.34%, corresponding to an oil recovery of approximately 85% relative to the Soxhlet reference. The mixed solvent enhanced extraction efficiency by improving mass transfer through the combined effects of solvent polarity and ultrasonic cavitation, confirming that ultrasound-assisted extraction with green solvent mixtures is an effective method for papaya seed oil recovery.