<p>Armed conflict can affect air quality through military emissions, destruction of infrastructure, fires, and long-term environmental degradation. However, impacts vary by setting, pollutant, and conflict phase. To synthesize evidence on how armed conflict influences air pollution, the mechanisms involved, and implications for health, environment, and policy. We conducted a narrative evidence synthesis of studies from conflict-affected settings that assessed air pollution directly or indirectly. Studies were grouped into those with direct measurements and those using indirect approaches. Data were extracted on conflict type, location, study period, pollutants, and methods. Findings were summarized across pollutant trends, exposure pathways, health effects, environmental impacts, and policy issues. Twenty-nine studies were included: 17 with direct monitoring and 12 using indirect methods. Evidence came from Ukraine, Gaza, Syria, Sudan, Iraq, Kosovo, Lebanon, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Afghanistan. Methods included ground monitoring, field sampling, remote sensing, low-cost sensors, and modeling. Frequently assessed pollutants were PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, CO, and O₃. Conflict-related pollution arose through four pathways: military activity, infrastructure destruction, fires and smoke, and post-conflict factors such as generators and debris. Many studies reported increases in particulate matter and combustion-related gases during active conflict or in damaged urban areas. Others found decreases in some pollutants at broader scales, often linked to reduced mobility and economic activity. Evidence also suggests acute health risks, possible chronic effects, environmental damage, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. Conflict-related air pollution is an under-recognized environmental health issue. Future research should integrate monitoring, exposure assessment, epidemiology, and policy analysis to guide response, recovery, and accountability.</p>