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<p>Faridabad is among the most industrialized cities in India, with constantly high fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) concentrations due to intensive industrial activities, traffic congestion, and combustion-related emissions. The samples of PM<sub>2.5</sub> were collected at two representative sites of Faridabad from July 2022 to July 2023 to investigate the mass concentrations, elemental composition, source apportionment, and associated ecological risk. Statistical analysis showed that the mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations (mean ± standard error) were 108 ± 16&#xa0;µg m<sup>− 3</sup> at site 1 and 154 ± 11&#xa0;µg m<sup>− 3</sup> at site 2, indicating substantially elevated particulate loadings in the study region. The mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels were significantly above the national threshold levels, especially during post-monsoon and winter seasons. The samples were analysed using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis, enabling the quantification of 27 elements. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis identified five major sources of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, including crustal dust, combustion, biomass burning, industrial emissions, and mixed sources, and the contribution of the sources was similar at both the sites. Industrial emission and combustion-related activities are dominant contributor to PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass, while seasonal variability was mainly caused by meteorological conditions and episodic burning processes. Enrichment factor (EF) analysis established significant contribution of several toxic metals through anthropogenic sources. Although the contamination degree indicated localized high metal enrichment, both the pollution load index and the potential ecological risk suggested that the overall ecological risk remained the low to moderate range. The integrated results highlight the dominance of industrial and combustion activities in PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution in Faridabad and provide scientific evidence to support targeted emission control strategies rapidly growing urban-industrial regions.</p>

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Integrated analysis of elemental speciation, source apportionment, and pollution risk assessment attributable to PM2.5 exposure in Faridabad, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Neha Yadav,
  • Kavita Yadav,
  • Sakshi Gupta,
  • Narayanasamy Vijayan,
  • Sudhir Kumar Sharma,
  • Somvir Bajar

摘要

Faridabad is among the most industrialized cities in India, with constantly high fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations due to intensive industrial activities, traffic congestion, and combustion-related emissions. The samples of PM2.5 were collected at two representative sites of Faridabad from July 2022 to July 2023 to investigate the mass concentrations, elemental composition, source apportionment, and associated ecological risk. Statistical analysis showed that the mean PM2.5 concentrations (mean ± standard error) were 108 ± 16 µg m− 3 at site 1 and 154 ± 11 µg m− 3 at site 2, indicating substantially elevated particulate loadings in the study region. The mean PM2.5 levels were significantly above the national threshold levels, especially during post-monsoon and winter seasons. The samples were analysed using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis, enabling the quantification of 27 elements. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis identified five major sources of PM2.5, including crustal dust, combustion, biomass burning, industrial emissions, and mixed sources, and the contribution of the sources was similar at both the sites. Industrial emission and combustion-related activities are dominant contributor to PM2.5 mass, while seasonal variability was mainly caused by meteorological conditions and episodic burning processes. Enrichment factor (EF) analysis established significant contribution of several toxic metals through anthropogenic sources. Although the contamination degree indicated localized high metal enrichment, both the pollution load index and the potential ecological risk suggested that the overall ecological risk remained the low to moderate range. The integrated results highlight the dominance of industrial and combustion activities in PM2.5 pollution in Faridabad and provide scientific evidence to support targeted emission control strategies rapidly growing urban-industrial regions.