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<p>Air pollution in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) threatens human health and the environment, making it urgent. This study investigates size-fractionated carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) down to PM<sub>0.1</sub>. Ambient PMs in six size fractions (PM<sub>&gt; 10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5−10</sub>, PM<sub>1.0−2.5</sub>, PM<sub>0.5−1.0</sub>, PM<sub>0.1−0.5</sub>, and PM<sub>&lt; 0.1</sub>) were collected from 4 sites in Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Chiang Mai, Thailand; and Yangon and Mandalay, Myanmar, during a haze episode (March 2020) using an Ambient Nano-Sampler. Analysis of carbon content yielded organic carbon (OC1-OC4), elemental carbon (EC1-EC3), and pyrolytic organic carbon. The average PM mass concentrations and carbon contents were higher in Myanmar than in Thailand and Cambodia. The dominant markers for biomass burning, OC3, and EC1, were observed across all fine particles in three countries. The elevated char-EC/soot-EC ratios in PM<sub>0.5−1.0</sub> are consistent with biomass burning, especially in biomass fires in Chiang Mai and Mandalay. These indicate that biomass fires were the primary contributors to PMs in this region. The findings are consistent with the elevated primary OC in the smaller PM compared to the larger PM. The smaller particles are attributed to direct emissions from regional biomass fires. Referring to the effective carbon ratio, smaller PMs absorb energy and warm the atmosphere during smoke haze in MSEA.</p>

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Carbonaceous signatures of ambient particles down to ultrafine particles (PM0.1) across upper Southeast Asia: linking biomass burning, urban emissions and transboundary exposure

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Worradorn Phairuang,
  • Sotasing Ho,
  • Chanreaksmey Taing,
  • Srean Aun,
  • Leakhena Hang,
  • Thaneeya Chetiyanukornkul,
  • Phuchiwan Suriyawong,
  • Phakphum Paluang,
  • Mai Kai Suan Tial,
  • Aye Myat Kyi Phyu,
  • April Nway Nway Htet,
  • Zaw Htet Myint,
  • Masami Furuuchi

摘要

Air pollution in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) threatens human health and the environment, making it urgent. This study investigates size-fractionated carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) down to PM0.1. Ambient PMs in six size fractions (PM> 10, PM2.5−10, PM1.0−2.5, PM0.5−1.0, PM0.1−0.5, and PM< 0.1) were collected from 4 sites in Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Chiang Mai, Thailand; and Yangon and Mandalay, Myanmar, during a haze episode (March 2020) using an Ambient Nano-Sampler. Analysis of carbon content yielded organic carbon (OC1-OC4), elemental carbon (EC1-EC3), and pyrolytic organic carbon. The average PM mass concentrations and carbon contents were higher in Myanmar than in Thailand and Cambodia. The dominant markers for biomass burning, OC3, and EC1, were observed across all fine particles in three countries. The elevated char-EC/soot-EC ratios in PM0.5−1.0 are consistent with biomass burning, especially in biomass fires in Chiang Mai and Mandalay. These indicate that biomass fires were the primary contributors to PMs in this region. The findings are consistent with the elevated primary OC in the smaller PM compared to the larger PM. The smaller particles are attributed to direct emissions from regional biomass fires. Referring to the effective carbon ratio, smaller PMs absorb energy and warm the atmosphere during smoke haze in MSEA.