<p>The advent of personal transportation, industrial and construction activity in urban areas and growth center, air and noise pollution become increasing concerns to urban environmental health. The reduction of green spaces in urban environments has intensified these environmental issues. However, there is a lack of integrated research in Bangladesh that investigates the effects of urban vegetation on particulate matter (PM) concentration, noise pollution, temperature, and humidity levels. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of urban trees on atmospheric PM concentration, noise levels, temperature, and humidity across residential, roadside, and industrial sites of Chattogram city, Bangladesh. We measured atmospheric PM_2.5 and PM_0.5 and noise levels in three vegetated and three non-vegetated sites under residential, industrial, and roadside areas on weekdays and weekends from August 2023 to July 2024. We also collected leaves from five tree species over 12 months to quantify the variation in PM deposition on tree leaves. To see variations in temperature and humidity in the vegetated and non-vegetated areas, temperature and humidity data were recorded for the same year. This study demonstrated that the presence of vegetation can significantly (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) reduce levels of PM, temperature, and noise, while simultaneously increasing relative humidity, which has cooling effects in urban environments, compared to the non-vegetated sites. Atmospheric PM concentration (PM_0.5 and PM_2.5) was negatively correlated with outdoor temperature but positively correlated with relative humidity. Among five tree species, <i>Ziziphus mauritiana</i> accumulated the highest amount of PM, and <i>Polyalthia longifolia</i> the lowest in all sites; these accumulations were affected by leaf shape and surface as well as site with tree densities. These findings highlight urban greening as a successful, locally based intervention for enhancing urban air quality and microclimate.</p>