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<p>Indoor air quality in aging buildings is a growing concern, particularly in tropical climates, where physical decay can lead to dampness and the growth of fungi that may release toxic secondary metabolites. In Malaysia, there is limited data on airborne mycotoxin contamination and its health implications. This study investigated indoor air and building material samples from two old buildings with reported issues related to indoor air quality (IAQ). Sterigmatocystin (STE) and aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>) were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), while health data from 49 occupants were collected via self-administered questionnaires. Conjunctivitis was the most frequently reported diagnosed illness among occupants. STE and AFB<sub>1</sub> were detected in indoor air at the highest concentrations of 0.17 ng/m³ and 0.79 ng/m³, respectively. Inhalation exposure was assessed using a worst-case scenario approach that applied the highest measured indoor air concentrations of mycotoxins, in combination with age-specific inhalation rates and body weights for an 8-hour workday. The estimated daily inhaled doses of STE and AFB<sub>1</sub> were significantly below the concentration of no toxicological concern (CoNTC) threshold of 30 ng/m³, indicating low inhalation exposure in the studied environments. The estimated daily inhaled dose (Di) ranged from 0.0049 to 0.0106 ng/kg bw/day for STE and 0.0216–0.0503 ng/kg bw/day for AFB<sub>1</sub>. These results imply a low likelihood of mycotoxicosis resulting from inhalation of STE and AFB<sub>1</sub> at the measured levels. However, the reported health symptoms may also be related to other indoor environmental factors such as dampness, ventilation and co‑occurring pollutants.</p>

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Indoor air quality assessment of mycotoxins and associated health risks in old buildings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Anis Syuhada Omar Hamdan,
  • Nurul Izzah Ahmad,
  • Salina Abdul Rahman,
  • Masratul Hawa Mohd,
  • Yong Foo Wong,
  • Yee-Shian Wong,
  • Yin-Hui Leong

摘要

Indoor air quality in aging buildings is a growing concern, particularly in tropical climates, where physical decay can lead to dampness and the growth of fungi that may release toxic secondary metabolites. In Malaysia, there is limited data on airborne mycotoxin contamination and its health implications. This study investigated indoor air and building material samples from two old buildings with reported issues related to indoor air quality (IAQ). Sterigmatocystin (STE) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), while health data from 49 occupants were collected via self-administered questionnaires. Conjunctivitis was the most frequently reported diagnosed illness among occupants. STE and AFB1 were detected in indoor air at the highest concentrations of 0.17 ng/m³ and 0.79 ng/m³, respectively. Inhalation exposure was assessed using a worst-case scenario approach that applied the highest measured indoor air concentrations of mycotoxins, in combination with age-specific inhalation rates and body weights for an 8-hour workday. The estimated daily inhaled doses of STE and AFB1 were significantly below the concentration of no toxicological concern (CoNTC) threshold of 30 ng/m³, indicating low inhalation exposure in the studied environments. The estimated daily inhaled dose (Di) ranged from 0.0049 to 0.0106 ng/kg bw/day for STE and 0.0216–0.0503 ng/kg bw/day for AFB1. These results imply a low likelihood of mycotoxicosis resulting from inhalation of STE and AFB1 at the measured levels. However, the reported health symptoms may also be related to other indoor environmental factors such as dampness, ventilation and co‑occurring pollutants.