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Background <p>Particulate matter ≤ 2.5&#xa0;μm (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) exposure is a known risk factor for chronic diseases, with the gut–lung axis potentially mediating its effects. This study examines how long-term exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> alters microbiota of the gut in patients with chronic diseases.</p> Methods <p>This study included 184 Taiwanese patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Fecal samples were collected to analyze the composition of their gut microbiota with 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Long-term PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure over the past decade was estimated using a machine learning-based high-resolution land-use regression model, and the patients were stratified into tertiles based on estimated exposure levels.</p> Results <p>The participants with high exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> showed significantly reduced alpha diversity, as shown by reduced Shannon and Simpson indices, compared with the lower exposure groups. Distinct microbial community structures across exposure levels was observed in beta diversity analysis (<i>p</i> = 0.010). Distinct microbial community composition was observed in the high exposure group, characterized by elevated abundances of the genera <i>Tyzzerella</i>, <i>Lachnoclostridium</i>, Family_Lachnospiraceae sp., <i>Flavonifractor</i>, <i>Ruminococcus gnavus</i> group, <i>Veillonella</i> and <i>Bacteroides</i>, along with decreased abundances of Family_Coriobacteriales Incertae Sedis sp., <i>Marvinbryantia</i>, <i>Adlercreutzia</i>, <i>Collinsella</i>, Ruminococcaceae UCG.014, <i>Holdemanella</i> and <i>Subdoligranulum</i>.</p> Conclusion <p>Long-term residential PM2.5 exposure was associated with reduced gut microbial diversity and compositional shifts in patients with chronic diseases. These findings are hypothesis-generating and support further longitudinal and mechanistic studies to clarify causal pathways and clinical implications.</p>

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Impact of PM2.5 exposure on gut microbiota abundance and composition in chronic disease patients

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月2日

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  • Yi-Hsueh Liu,
  • Po Peng,
  • Wei-Chun Hung,
  • Ping-Hsun Wu,
  • Chun-Chi Lu,
  • Yi-Hsiung Lin,
  • Chih-Da Wu,
  • Chao-Hung Kuo,
  • Szu-Chia Chen

摘要

Background

Particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) exposure is a known risk factor for chronic diseases, with the gut–lung axis potentially mediating its effects. This study examines how long-term exposure to PM2.5 alters microbiota of the gut in patients with chronic diseases.

Methods

This study included 184 Taiwanese patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Fecal samples were collected to analyze the composition of their gut microbiota with 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Long-term PM2.5 exposure over the past decade was estimated using a machine learning-based high-resolution land-use regression model, and the patients were stratified into tertiles based on estimated exposure levels.

Results

The participants with high exposure to PM2.5 showed significantly reduced alpha diversity, as shown by reduced Shannon and Simpson indices, compared with the lower exposure groups. Distinct microbial community structures across exposure levels was observed in beta diversity analysis (p = 0.010). Distinct microbial community composition was observed in the high exposure group, characterized by elevated abundances of the genera Tyzzerella, Lachnoclostridium, Family_Lachnospiraceae sp., Flavonifractor, Ruminococcus gnavus group, Veillonella and Bacteroides, along with decreased abundances of Family_Coriobacteriales Incertae Sedis sp., Marvinbryantia, Adlercreutzia, Collinsella, Ruminococcaceae UCG.014, Holdemanella and Subdoligranulum.

Conclusion

Long-term residential PM2.5 exposure was associated with reduced gut microbial diversity and compositional shifts in patients with chronic diseases. These findings are hypothesis-generating and support further longitudinal and mechanistic studies to clarify causal pathways and clinical implications.