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<p>Meteorological variables critically influence air quality by regulating pollutant dispersion, accumulation, and transformation. This study compares meteorological drivers and air quality parameters at two Indo-Gangetic Plain sites urban IIT BHU (Varanasi) and semi-urban REC (Azamgarh) from October 2023 to September 2024. The analysis integrates ground-based monitoring, Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), back-trajectories, Seasonal-Trend Decomposition (STL), machine learning, and health-risk modelling to capture multi-scale pollution processes. Despite being only ~ 80&#xa0;km apart, the sites exhibit distinct regimes. REC recorded higher annual mean NO₂ (43.9&#xa0;µg/m³) and SO₂ (25.8&#xa0;µg/m³) than IIT BHU (10.6&#xa0;µg/m³; 3.4&#xa0;µg/m³), whereas IIT BHU showed higher mean AQI (185 vs. 147). Episodic PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> approached the upper detection limit (1000&#xa0;µg/m³) at REC during pre-monsoon dust intrusions, while IIT BHU peaks stayed below 400&#xa0;µg/m³, mainly during winter stagnation. Correlation analysis confirmed strong PM<sub>2.5</sub>–PM<sub>10</sub> coupling (<i>r</i> = 0.90 at IIT BHU; <i>r</i> = 1.00 at REC) and negative associations with wind speed and temperature, indicating contrasting stagnation and transport influences. Satellite validation showed better AOD–PM<sub>2.5</sub> performance at IIT BHU (R² = 0.46) than REC (R² = 0.41). Prediction skill was higher at IIT BHU (R² = 0.92) than REC (R² = 0.80). Health-risk modelling indicated greater per-capita risk at REC (55 vs. 52 IHD deaths/100k). This integrated dual-site framework reveals the coexistence of stagnation- and transport-driven pollution regimes in eastern Uttar Pradesh, underscoring the need for site-specific monitoring and targeted mitigation across the Indo-Gangetic Plain with relevance to other densely populated, dust-prone regions.</p>

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Comparative analysis of meteorological and air quality variables in urban and semi-urban environments: a case study of Varanasi and Azamgarh

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Saurabh Maurya,
  • Pramod Soni,
  • Ashwin Chitravanshi,
  • Prabhankur Prabhankur,
  • Asif Ansari,
  • Abdur Rahman Quaff

摘要

Meteorological variables critically influence air quality by regulating pollutant dispersion, accumulation, and transformation. This study compares meteorological drivers and air quality parameters at two Indo-Gangetic Plain sites urban IIT BHU (Varanasi) and semi-urban REC (Azamgarh) from October 2023 to September 2024. The analysis integrates ground-based monitoring, Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), back-trajectories, Seasonal-Trend Decomposition (STL), machine learning, and health-risk modelling to capture multi-scale pollution processes. Despite being only ~ 80 km apart, the sites exhibit distinct regimes. REC recorded higher annual mean NO₂ (43.9 µg/m³) and SO₂ (25.8 µg/m³) than IIT BHU (10.6 µg/m³; 3.4 µg/m³), whereas IIT BHU showed higher mean AQI (185 vs. 147). Episodic PM2.5 and PM10 approached the upper detection limit (1000 µg/m³) at REC during pre-monsoon dust intrusions, while IIT BHU peaks stayed below 400 µg/m³, mainly during winter stagnation. Correlation analysis confirmed strong PM2.5–PM10 coupling (r = 0.90 at IIT BHU; r = 1.00 at REC) and negative associations with wind speed and temperature, indicating contrasting stagnation and transport influences. Satellite validation showed better AOD–PM2.5 performance at IIT BHU (R² = 0.46) than REC (R² = 0.41). Prediction skill was higher at IIT BHU (R² = 0.92) than REC (R² = 0.80). Health-risk modelling indicated greater per-capita risk at REC (55 vs. 52 IHD deaths/100k). This integrated dual-site framework reveals the coexistence of stagnation- and transport-driven pollution regimes in eastern Uttar Pradesh, underscoring the need for site-specific monitoring and targeted mitigation across the Indo-Gangetic Plain with relevance to other densely populated, dust-prone regions.