<p>Indoor air pollution is a significant concern as people spend more than 90% of their time indoors, and exposure to indoor air pollutants has been linked to various health issues. Microorganisms play a crucial role in the production of indoor air pollutants, including the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through their metabolic processes and the degradation of primary air pollutants, resulting in the formation of secondary air pollutants. Given the growing evidence linking respiratory diseases to microbial exposure and moisture-damaged buildings, further investigation into microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) as secondary-level indoor air pollutants is warranted. Using a scoping review methodology, this paper examined the existing literature published between 2010 and 2023 that focuses on MVOCs in indoor air in homes and schools. This review identifies information gaps and trends in the scoped literature, synthesizes and consolidates available information, describes, characterizes, and consolidates information on the sources, concentrations, range, and trends of MVOCs, associated health risks, economic and socioeconomic factors, and pinpoints areas that require further investigation. Gaps and limitations identified in the current understanding of MVOCs in indoor air include limited generalizability of findings, incomplete assessment of MVOCs, inadequate consideration of confounding factors, and a lack of standards and exposure thresholds. Identified gaps provided an opportunity to present recommendations for the investigation into MVOCs in indoor air, including the need for investigation into specific cause and effect relationship investigation, remediation strategy, interactive and combined effects, and permissible exposure limits.</p>