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<p>Several cities, especially in the developing countries have a unique city layout such that a major road runs parallel to a railway line. Such roads results in severe traffic congestion as the adjoining rail tracks have several railway crossings which aggravate the congestion problem. The Kanpur city in India is one such city which has such a unique route setting. Air quality assessment literature on such a unique setting is scarce as to how the particulate matter varies in different modes of transport on such routes as compared to the conventional route settings. Also, the literature on human health exposure assessment in transport modes in India in general and Kanpur city, in particular, is scarce. This work attempts to fill this gap in our understanding by assessing the associated emissions of PM2.5 and the corresponding exposure. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) exposure during peak hours in seven transport modes of Kanpur- car, electric bus, CNG bus, public auto-rickshaw (tempo), train, metro and bike along a unique 9.7&#xa0;km long road stretch in Kanpur, India wherein a road, rail and metro track runs parallel and then understand the underlying determinants for variation in PM. A portable particle laser counter was used to measure the concentrations (in microgram per cubic meter, µg/m<sup>3</sup>) in a total of 112 trips undertaken, with 8 trips taken in each transport mode during both, the morning and evening hours. Results revealed that car resulted in the least average PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations (159 ± 116&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>), followed by Metro (172 ± 69&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>), Electric bus (186 ± 94&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>), CNG Bus (202 ± 80&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>), Train (232 ± 98&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>), Tempo/Auto Rickshaw (257 ± 124&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>) and Bike (312 ± 145&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>). Evening hours revealed lower average PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations as compared to those in the morning by 8–28% in almost all transport modes. Such studies would help the policy makers and city development authorities in informed decision-making and better city planning.</p>

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Exposure assessment of PM2.5 in different transport modes for a unique city layout plan in Kanpur City of India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Harshit Verma,
  • Dipteek Parmar,
  • Rajiv Ganguly

摘要

Several cities, especially in the developing countries have a unique city layout such that a major road runs parallel to a railway line. Such roads results in severe traffic congestion as the adjoining rail tracks have several railway crossings which aggravate the congestion problem. The Kanpur city in India is one such city which has such a unique route setting. Air quality assessment literature on such a unique setting is scarce as to how the particulate matter varies in different modes of transport on such routes as compared to the conventional route settings. Also, the literature on human health exposure assessment in transport modes in India in general and Kanpur city, in particular, is scarce. This work attempts to fill this gap in our understanding by assessing the associated emissions of PM2.5 and the corresponding exposure. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure during peak hours in seven transport modes of Kanpur- car, electric bus, CNG bus, public auto-rickshaw (tempo), train, metro and bike along a unique 9.7 km long road stretch in Kanpur, India wherein a road, rail and metro track runs parallel and then understand the underlying determinants for variation in PM. A portable particle laser counter was used to measure the concentrations (in microgram per cubic meter, µg/m3) in a total of 112 trips undertaken, with 8 trips taken in each transport mode during both, the morning and evening hours. Results revealed that car resulted in the least average PM2.5 concentrations (159 ± 116 µg/m3), followed by Metro (172 ± 69 µg/m3), Electric bus (186 ± 94 µg/m3), CNG Bus (202 ± 80 µg/m3), Train (232 ± 98 µg/m3), Tempo/Auto Rickshaw (257 ± 124 µg/m3) and Bike (312 ± 145 µg/m3). Evening hours revealed lower average PM2.5 concentrations as compared to those in the morning by 8–28% in almost all transport modes. Such studies would help the policy makers and city development authorities in informed decision-making and better city planning.