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<p>This study investigates the spatiotemporal patterns and driving mechanisms of urban pollution islands (UPI) in Urumqi, a representative arid city in northwestern China, during heating and non-heating periods. Using PM₂.₅ monitoring data (2017–2023) from national control stations in urban and suburban areas combined with meteorological and pollution factors, we developed the Urban Pollution Island Intensity (UPII) and applied Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) to systematically examine the spatiotemporal evolution and dominant drivers of UPI. Results reveal significant temporal differences in UPII intensity, with the heating period average (105&#xa0;µg/m³) being 4.2 times higher than the non-heating period (25&#xa0;µg/m³), highlighting the synergistic effect of coal-fired heating and unfavorable diffusion conditions. Spatially, a “northern rural &gt; urban &gt; southern rural” gradient was observed. During heating periods, UPII<sub>N</sub> was more prominent due to industrial agglomeration and topographic blocking, while higher UPII<sub>S</sub> during non-heating periods suggested regional transport. A “temporal shift” in pollution formation mechanisms was identified: non-heating periods were meteorologically dominated (e.g., temperature showed significant negative correlation with UPII<sub>S</sub>, <i>r</i> = -0.480, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), while heating periods exhibited strong emission-driven patterns, with PCA indicating the first principal component explained 41.2% of variance, mainly loaded by coal-combustion pollutants including SO<sub>2</sub>, CO, and PM<sub>10</sub>. The UPII index effectively distinguished between local emissions and regional transport contributions, further validated by the sharp UPII decline during COVID-19 lockdowns. This study proposes a “period-subarea-category” precision governance strategy to inform air pollution control in arid northwestern cities.</p>

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Spatiotemporal characteristics and driving factors of air pollution islands in Urumqi of China during heating and non-heating periods

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Yi Han,
  • Xuegang Chen,
  • Yunyao Feng,
  • Siqi Xie

摘要

This study investigates the spatiotemporal patterns and driving mechanisms of urban pollution islands (UPI) in Urumqi, a representative arid city in northwestern China, during heating and non-heating periods. Using PM₂.₅ monitoring data (2017–2023) from national control stations in urban and suburban areas combined with meteorological and pollution factors, we developed the Urban Pollution Island Intensity (UPII) and applied Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) to systematically examine the spatiotemporal evolution and dominant drivers of UPI. Results reveal significant temporal differences in UPII intensity, with the heating period average (105 µg/m³) being 4.2 times higher than the non-heating period (25 µg/m³), highlighting the synergistic effect of coal-fired heating and unfavorable diffusion conditions. Spatially, a “northern rural > urban > southern rural” gradient was observed. During heating periods, UPIIN was more prominent due to industrial agglomeration and topographic blocking, while higher UPIIS during non-heating periods suggested regional transport. A “temporal shift” in pollution formation mechanisms was identified: non-heating periods were meteorologically dominated (e.g., temperature showed significant negative correlation with UPIIS, r = -0.480, p < 0.01), while heating periods exhibited strong emission-driven patterns, with PCA indicating the first principal component explained 41.2% of variance, mainly loaded by coal-combustion pollutants including SO2, CO, and PM10. The UPII index effectively distinguished between local emissions and regional transport contributions, further validated by the sharp UPII decline during COVID-19 lockdowns. This study proposes a “period-subarea-category” precision governance strategy to inform air pollution control in arid northwestern cities.