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<p>Road dust serves as a major sink for toxic trace elements and fine particulates, which poses ecological and health risks in urbanizing cities. Therefore, this study evaluates road dust characteristics across four distinct land-use zones -residential, commercial, highway, and industrial in Guwahati and Nalbari, Assam, India, in which, silt load, particulate matter (PM) emission factors, elemental concentrations, potential sources, and associated ecological and human health risks analysis were focused. Results demonstrated that PM emission rates were higher at highway sites for both Guwahati (PM<sub>2.5</sub>: 5.94&#xa0;g/VKT; PM<sub>10</sub>: 24.55&#xa0;g/VKT) and Nalbari (PM<sub>2.5</sub>: 2.68&#xa0;g/VKT; PM<sub>10</sub>: 11.10&#xa0;g/VKT), with significantly higher values in Guwahati due to heavy commercial traffic in urban environment. High concentrations of Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Na were observed across all sites, while Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb were notably elevated near highways and commercial areas. Cd exhibited the highest ecological risk (ER) and contamination factor (Cf) among all elements. Children exhibited greater vulnerability to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks than adults, with total carcinogenic risk higher in Guwahati (5.36 × 10<sup>− 4</sup>) than in Nalbari (3.87 × 10<sup>− 4</sup>) due to prevalence of Cd and Cr levels. Positive matrix factorization revealed that crustal material and vehicular abrasion were dominant sources in Guwahati, whereas natural weathering and tire-brake wear prevailed in Nalbari. These findings highlight strong influence of silt load and traffic density in different land-use areas. The combined application of source apportionment and risk assessment provides critical evidence for integrating road dust control into regional air quality management and urban planning.</p>

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Road dust emissions, sources, and associated ecological and health risks in different land use areas of assam

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月8日

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  • Himanshu Gupta,
  • Sharad Gokhale

摘要

Road dust serves as a major sink for toxic trace elements and fine particulates, which poses ecological and health risks in urbanizing cities. Therefore, this study evaluates road dust characteristics across four distinct land-use zones -residential, commercial, highway, and industrial in Guwahati and Nalbari, Assam, India, in which, silt load, particulate matter (PM) emission factors, elemental concentrations, potential sources, and associated ecological and human health risks analysis were focused. Results demonstrated that PM emission rates were higher at highway sites for both Guwahati (PM2.5: 5.94 g/VKT; PM10: 24.55 g/VKT) and Nalbari (PM2.5: 2.68 g/VKT; PM10: 11.10 g/VKT), with significantly higher values in Guwahati due to heavy commercial traffic in urban environment. High concentrations of Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Na were observed across all sites, while Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb were notably elevated near highways and commercial areas. Cd exhibited the highest ecological risk (ER) and contamination factor (Cf) among all elements. Children exhibited greater vulnerability to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks than adults, with total carcinogenic risk higher in Guwahati (5.36 × 10− 4) than in Nalbari (3.87 × 10− 4) due to prevalence of Cd and Cr levels. Positive matrix factorization revealed that crustal material and vehicular abrasion were dominant sources in Guwahati, whereas natural weathering and tire-brake wear prevailed in Nalbari. These findings highlight strong influence of silt load and traffic density in different land-use areas. The combined application of source apportionment and risk assessment provides critical evidence for integrating road dust control into regional air quality management and urban planning.