<p>As global climate change intensifies, carbon emissions present considerable challenges to the sustainable development of human society. Land use is an important carbon emission source, making its spatial management crucial for achieving the “double carbon” goal. This study examined the structure and status of land use in Henan Province, China. Based on the 2005–2020 statistical data, the spatial and temporal evolution of carbon emissions from land use was examined using a carbon emission accounting model and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The logarithmic mean Divisia index model was developed to decompose the main influencing factors of carbon emissions from land use, and the contribution of the driving factors was quantitatively evaluated. Additionally, the Tapio decoupling model was used to explore the relationship between carbon emissions and economic development. From 2005 to 2020, land use carbon emissions in Henan Province showed an inverted “U” trend of “growth and then decline,” with a spatial distribution pattern of “high in the north, low in the south,” with a high carbon emission area concentrated in Zhengzhou and Luoyang. The land use carbon emission effect and efficiency negatively affected carbon emissions, whereas economic efficiency and energy intensity contributed to increased carbon emissions. The Tapio decoupling situation revealed that carbon emissions from land use and economic growth transformed from weak to strong decoupling, and the decoupling state caused by each decoupling elasticity index showed a trend towards good development. The findings provide valuable insights into the factors affecting regional carbon emissions.</p>