Stakeholder perspectives on mangrove degradation in tourism-dependent coastal regions: drivers, consequences, and policy responses. a case study from Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran
摘要
Purpose: This study examines the drivers, impacts, and policy responses related to mangrove degradation in coastal tourism regions, with a comparative focus on local communities and institutional stakeholders. Methods: This study was conducted in Hormozgan Province, southern Iran, and draws on a qualitative thematic analysis of 26 semi-structured interviews—11 with residents and 15 with officials from environmental and governmental institutions. Results: The analysis generated 466 initial codes (191 from community data and 275 from institutional data), which were organized into four main themes: drivers, impacts, conservation measures, and policy recommendations. The findings reveal a multi-causal pattern of mangrove degradation, including natural, human-induced, industrial, and tourism-related pressures, with fuel smuggling emerging as the most dominant driver across both stakeholder groups. The study also identifies underexplored, context-specific factors, such as livestock grazing, plant diseases, and high-speed boat traffic. While both stakeholder groups agree on key impacts, particularly declining tourism attractiveness and livelihood disruption, they differ in their interpretations, especially regarding tourism pressure (behavioral vs. volumetric framing) and governance failures (structural vs. operational levels). These differences highlight a dual perception of environmental change shaped by stakeholder positionality.Conclusion: The results emphasize the need for integrated, multi-level governance approaches combining environmental education, stricter enforcement, and alternative livelihood strategies. By revealing how stakeholders differently frame shared problems, this study contributes to practical discussions on community-based conservation and provides context-specific insights that may inform similar coastal ecosystems.