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<p>Coastal erosion management (CEM) presents considerable challenges for developing countries due to limited financial resources, inadequate monitoring systems, and restricted access to advanced coastal management technologies, whereas developed countries increasingly incorporate integrated evaluation approaches. Within the framework of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), this study evaluates the cost-effectiveness and environmental performance of coastal protection strategies along the Colombo North coastline in Sri Lanka, representing a typical developing-country context. The research develops an integrated decision-support framework combining Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA), Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Assessment (LCA), stakeholder engagement, and UAV-based LiDAR monitoring to support sustainable coastal management decisions. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study assessed commonly implemented hard protection structures, including detached breakwaters, revetments, and groynes, while also considering beach nourishment as a complementary soft-engineering option. Results indicate that detached breakwaters are the most cost- and carbon-intensive structures, with life cycle costs of approximately $3,500/m and emissions of about 85,000&#xa0;kg CO₂/m, whereas revetments and groynes are comparatively cost-effective at around $1,000/m with carbon emissions between 40,000 and 45,000&#xa0;kg CO₂/m. Beach nourishment demonstrates relatively lower structural carbon impacts but exhibits higher cost variability, typically ranging between $4–8 per m³ depending on dredging distance, sediment source availability, and operational conditions. Findings further show that combined structure configurations provide balanced trade-offs between coastal protection effectiveness, cost efficiency, and environmental impact. Conclusively, by integrating LCCA–LCA analysis, this study presents a carbon trade-off framework that enables developing nations to implement evidence-based coastal erosion management, especially to manage financial challenges, optimize resource allocation, and promote long-term coastal sustainability, offering a practical model applicable to other resource-constrained coastal regions worldwide.</p>

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Integrating life cycle cost and carbon footprint assessments with stakeholder engagement for sustainable coastal erosion management in developing countries: a case study from Sri Lanka

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Sudilika De Jayathunga,
  • Pasindu Bandara,
  • R. S. M. Samarasekara,
  • Avishka Siriwardana

摘要

Coastal erosion management (CEM) presents considerable challenges for developing countries due to limited financial resources, inadequate monitoring systems, and restricted access to advanced coastal management technologies, whereas developed countries increasingly incorporate integrated evaluation approaches. Within the framework of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), this study evaluates the cost-effectiveness and environmental performance of coastal protection strategies along the Colombo North coastline in Sri Lanka, representing a typical developing-country context. The research develops an integrated decision-support framework combining Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA), Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Assessment (LCA), stakeholder engagement, and UAV-based LiDAR monitoring to support sustainable coastal management decisions. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study assessed commonly implemented hard protection structures, including detached breakwaters, revetments, and groynes, while also considering beach nourishment as a complementary soft-engineering option. Results indicate that detached breakwaters are the most cost- and carbon-intensive structures, with life cycle costs of approximately $3,500/m and emissions of about 85,000 kg CO₂/m, whereas revetments and groynes are comparatively cost-effective at around $1,000/m with carbon emissions between 40,000 and 45,000 kg CO₂/m. Beach nourishment demonstrates relatively lower structural carbon impacts but exhibits higher cost variability, typically ranging between $4–8 per m³ depending on dredging distance, sediment source availability, and operational conditions. Findings further show that combined structure configurations provide balanced trade-offs between coastal protection effectiveness, cost efficiency, and environmental impact. Conclusively, by integrating LCCA–LCA analysis, this study presents a carbon trade-off framework that enables developing nations to implement evidence-based coastal erosion management, especially to manage financial challenges, optimize resource allocation, and promote long-term coastal sustainability, offering a practical model applicable to other resource-constrained coastal regions worldwide.