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<p>This study evaluates water quality and heavy metal contamination in the Nile River, Damietta branch, Egypt, focusing on surface water and sediment sites. Water quality parameters, as pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and salinity, were analyzed, revealing variations influenced by anthropogenic activities such as agricultural runoff and wastewater discharge. Heavy metal concentrations, particularly cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni), exhibited significant variability, with elevated levels indicating severe pollution from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources. Iron (Fe) concentrations exceeded safe limits, reflecting potential industrial discharge or natural contributions. Enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) analyses identified anthropogenic influences, with industrial and urban areas showing high metal enrichment, especially for Cd, Pb, and Zn. Contamination factor (CF) results highlighted cadmium as a critical pollutant, posing risks to ecosystems and human health. Pollution load index (PLI) values indicated no overall significant pollution, but specific sites exhibited high contamination, emphasizing the need for targeted remediation. Risk index (RI) analysis identified areas with critical ecological threats from toxic metals. Multivariate statistical analyses as principal component analysis (PCA) revealed common anthropogenic sources for the metals, primarily industrial, agricultural, and household activities. These findings underscore the necessity for effective pollution management in industrialized and agricultural regions to safeguard water quality and ecosystem health. The spatial variability of contamination highlights the complexity of pollution sources and the importance of ongoing monitoring and control. This study emphasizes the critical role of environmental oversight in protecting aquatic ecosystems and public health.</p>

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Environmental Analytical Assessment of Heavy Metals and Water Quality of the Nile River (Damietta Branch) D , Egypt

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月2日

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  • Mohamed I. Attallah,
  • R. R. Atta,
  • Mohammed H. Abd El-Gwad,
  • Hazem T. Abd El-Hamid

摘要

This study evaluates water quality and heavy metal contamination in the Nile River, Damietta branch, Egypt, focusing on surface water and sediment sites. Water quality parameters, as pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and salinity, were analyzed, revealing variations influenced by anthropogenic activities such as agricultural runoff and wastewater discharge. Heavy metal concentrations, particularly cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni), exhibited significant variability, with elevated levels indicating severe pollution from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources. Iron (Fe) concentrations exceeded safe limits, reflecting potential industrial discharge or natural contributions. Enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) analyses identified anthropogenic influences, with industrial and urban areas showing high metal enrichment, especially for Cd, Pb, and Zn. Contamination factor (CF) results highlighted cadmium as a critical pollutant, posing risks to ecosystems and human health. Pollution load index (PLI) values indicated no overall significant pollution, but specific sites exhibited high contamination, emphasizing the need for targeted remediation. Risk index (RI) analysis identified areas with critical ecological threats from toxic metals. Multivariate statistical analyses as principal component analysis (PCA) revealed common anthropogenic sources for the metals, primarily industrial, agricultural, and household activities. These findings underscore the necessity for effective pollution management in industrialized and agricultural regions to safeguard water quality and ecosystem health. The spatial variability of contamination highlights the complexity of pollution sources and the importance of ongoing monitoring and control. This study emphasizes the critical role of environmental oversight in protecting aquatic ecosystems and public health.