Exploring the Key Drivers of Social Forestry Sustainability: A Case Study of Western Himalayan Region, India
摘要
Social forestry represents a participatory approach to afforestation and forest management that integrates ecological conservation with rural development. Unlike conventional afforestation models, which often marginalize local communities, social forestry emphasizes community engagement in forest governance, thereby supporting sustainable livelihoods through agroforestry and non-timber forest product (NTFP) enterprises. This study aims to examine the influence of ecological conservation, vocational education, and market-driven intervention mechanisms on the development and sustainability of social forestry. Utilizing data from the Mission Antyodaya survey (2022–2023), the current study analysed 57,874 household surveys of 550 villages in the Western Himalayan Region, India and 23 relevant indicators using multiple correlation models in JASP 0.19.1. The findings reveal significant positive correlations between vocational education and watershed development (r = 0.083, p ≤ 0.05), and between rain harvesting (r = 0.190, p ≤ 0.001), poultry (r = 0.139, p ≤ 0.05), and income diversification. However, poor biodiversity management (r = − 0.117, p ≤ 0.05) and limited infrastructure (only 22.22% electricity access) undermine social forestry sustainability. The promotion of monoculture plantations and inadequate species selection present notable risks to biodiversity and forest resilience. The declining dependence on NTFPs suggests both economic diversification and a potential loss of traditional ecological knowledge. This research underscores that the success of social forestry is contingent upon the strategic integration of ecological, social, and economic dimensions.