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<p>The use of cable-skidder and cut-to-length logging system, as a small-scale forestry, for timber extraction is a common operation in the selection cutting silviculture of uneven-aged stands in the northern forests of Iran. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the condition of tree bole wounds and analyzing the factors affecting on wound healing rate along skid trails, 5&#xa0;m in each side, in a small forestland in northern Iran. The variables of tree bole wound characteristics were measured and recorded in three randomly selected skid trails with a total length of 450&#xa0;m after 15 years from the time the wounds were created due to logging operation, including tree species, wound area, wound height, wound severity, wound location and healing percentage. The results showed that most wounds occur in the 1&#xa0;m of the stem (88.5%). There is no significant difference between the wound area in different damaged tree species, while, there was a significant difference between the healing rates in different damaged tree species. The correlation tests showed that the percentage of wound healing rate decreased with increase of wound area in alder (<i>Alnus subcordata</i> C.A.M.), beech (<i>Fagus orientalis</i> Lipsky), ash (<i>Fraxinus coriarifolia</i> Scheel) and hornbeam (<i>Carpinus betulus</i> L.). So that in wounds with an area of 1 to 500 cm<sup>2</sup>, 500 to 1000 cm<sup>2</sup>, and more than 1000 cm<sup>2</sup>, the healing was measured respectively 75.7%, 66.3%, and 50.8%, Also, there were a negative and significant correlation between the percentage of wound healing and the diameter class, wound severity and wound area. The percentage of wound healing had a positive and significant correlation with the wound location. Wounds at a height of &lt; 1&#xa0;m were healed by 62.7% and wounds at a height of &gt; 1&#xa0;m were healed by 77.4%.The results of the Kruskal–Wallis test also showed there were a significant difference of the wound healing percentage in diameter classes, wound height, wound severity and the wound area. There was a significant difference between the wound healing rate in two wound-causing factors (felling and skidding) for small-scale forestry. Having sustainable timber production in a small-scale forest management system requires minimizing damage to residual trees in the forest. Proper design of skid trails and log winching corridors plays a key role in reducing damage to residual trees in the forest during selective logging operations.</p>

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Cable-Skidder Logging Wounds on Tree Species in the Small-Scale Forestry

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月12日

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  • Ramin Naghdi,
  • Niloufar Alizadeh,
  • Mehrdad Nikooy,
  • Pejman Dalir,
  • Farzam Tavankar,
  • Mehrdad Mirzaei

摘要

The use of cable-skidder and cut-to-length logging system, as a small-scale forestry, for timber extraction is a common operation in the selection cutting silviculture of uneven-aged stands in the northern forests of Iran. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the condition of tree bole wounds and analyzing the factors affecting on wound healing rate along skid trails, 5 m in each side, in a small forestland in northern Iran. The variables of tree bole wound characteristics were measured and recorded in three randomly selected skid trails with a total length of 450 m after 15 years from the time the wounds were created due to logging operation, including tree species, wound area, wound height, wound severity, wound location and healing percentage. The results showed that most wounds occur in the 1 m of the stem (88.5%). There is no significant difference between the wound area in different damaged tree species, while, there was a significant difference between the healing rates in different damaged tree species. The correlation tests showed that the percentage of wound healing rate decreased with increase of wound area in alder (Alnus subcordata C.A.M.), beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), ash (Fraxinus coriarifolia Scheel) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.). So that in wounds with an area of 1 to 500 cm2, 500 to 1000 cm2, and more than 1000 cm2, the healing was measured respectively 75.7%, 66.3%, and 50.8%, Also, there were a negative and significant correlation between the percentage of wound healing and the diameter class, wound severity and wound area. The percentage of wound healing had a positive and significant correlation with the wound location. Wounds at a height of < 1 m were healed by 62.7% and wounds at a height of > 1 m were healed by 77.4%.The results of the Kruskal–Wallis test also showed there were a significant difference of the wound healing percentage in diameter classes, wound height, wound severity and the wound area. There was a significant difference between the wound healing rate in two wound-causing factors (felling and skidding) for small-scale forestry. Having sustainable timber production in a small-scale forest management system requires minimizing damage to residual trees in the forest. Proper design of skid trails and log winching corridors plays a key role in reducing damage to residual trees in the forest during selective logging operations.