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<p>This study investigates the temperature- and frequency-dependent ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of undoped soft Pb(Zr<sub>0.52</sub>Ti<sub>0.48</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> (PZT) ceramics synthesized via solid-state reaction. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a perovskite structure through characteristic metal-oxygen bonds, indicating high purity. Direct Berlincourt measurements yielded an average piezoelectric coefficient <i>d</i><sub>33</sub> = 314 ± 9&#xa0;pC/N, with a peak of 327&#xa0;pC/N at 75°C, attributed to thermally activated domain wall motion. The piezoelectric voltage coefficient g<sub>33</sub> and electromechanical coupling factor k<sub>33</sub> reached maximum values of 0.0161 Vm/N and 0.573, respectively, at 75°C. Frequency-dependent measurements revealed that remanent polarization decreases from 0.109&#xa0;C/m<sup>2</sup> at 0.1&#xa0;Hz to 0.035&#xa0;C/m<sup>2</sup> at 20&#xa0;Hz, while the coercive field increases from 380&#xa0;kV/m to 1050&#xa0;kV/m. Rayleigh-type analysis quantified the logarithmic dependence of Pr on frequency (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.934), indicating reduced domain wall mobility at higher frequencies. Energy loss density increased from 0.917 to 1.23 × 10<sup>5</sup>&#xa0;J/m<sup>3</sup>. Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) modeling accurately reproduced these behaviors (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.98), enabling separation of reversible and irreversible polarization components. Thermal conductivity measurements showed a value of 1.30&#xa0;W/m·K at room temperature. Furthermore, analysis of PZT under applied temperature gradients revealed limited electrical output, primarily arising from coupled thermo-mechanical and piezoelectric effects, while the majority of the input energy is dissipated through convection, radiation, and contact losses. This integrated experimental-modeling approach provides predictive understanding of PZT performance under varying operating conditions, offering practical guidance for the design of sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting devices.</p>

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Microstructure-Driven Frequency-Dependent Properties of Soft Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics (x = 0.52)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月18日

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  • Zouhir Boumous,
  • Samira Boumous,
  • Lotfi Khezami,
  • Mamoun Fellah

摘要

This study investigates the temperature- and frequency-dependent ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of undoped soft Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) ceramics synthesized via solid-state reaction. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a perovskite structure through characteristic metal-oxygen bonds, indicating high purity. Direct Berlincourt measurements yielded an average piezoelectric coefficient d33 = 314 ± 9 pC/N, with a peak of 327 pC/N at 75°C, attributed to thermally activated domain wall motion. The piezoelectric voltage coefficient g33 and electromechanical coupling factor k33 reached maximum values of 0.0161 Vm/N and 0.573, respectively, at 75°C. Frequency-dependent measurements revealed that remanent polarization decreases from 0.109 C/m2 at 0.1 Hz to 0.035 C/m2 at 20 Hz, while the coercive field increases from 380 kV/m to 1050 kV/m. Rayleigh-type analysis quantified the logarithmic dependence of Pr on frequency (R2 = 0.934), indicating reduced domain wall mobility at higher frequencies. Energy loss density increased from 0.917 to 1.23 × 105 J/m3. Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) modeling accurately reproduced these behaviors (R2 > 0.98), enabling separation of reversible and irreversible polarization components. Thermal conductivity measurements showed a value of 1.30 W/m·K at room temperature. Furthermore, analysis of PZT under applied temperature gradients revealed limited electrical output, primarily arising from coupled thermo-mechanical and piezoelectric effects, while the majority of the input energy is dissipated through convection, radiation, and contact losses. This integrated experimental-modeling approach provides predictive understanding of PZT performance under varying operating conditions, offering practical guidance for the design of sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting devices.