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<p>High-sulfur, carbon-bearing, arsenic-rich refractory gold ores pose serious challenges to gold extraction because of the formation of dense sulfide-arsenide encapsulation layers. In this study, the phase transformation behavior and removal of sulfur and arsenic were systematically investigated using a suspension oxidation roasting process. Under optimized conditions, sulfur and arsenic removal reached 87.64% and 72.84%, respectively. Subsequent fixation roasting with 8% Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> achieved sulfur and arsenic solidification efficiencies of 61.19% and 95.38%. Phase evolution analysis revealed that S and As were oxidized to gaseous SO<sub>2</sub>/SO<sub>3</sub> and As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, which further reacted with Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> to form stable CaSO<sub>4</sub>, Ca<sub>3</sub>(AsO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, and FeAsO<sub>4</sub>. Oxidation roasting also destroyed the compact structure of pyrite and arsenopyrite, generating pores and microcracks that exposed encapsulated gold while simultaneously reducing the release of hazardous gases via in situ solidification. These findings provide a cleaner and more effective pretreatment strategy for refractory gold ores and offer mechanistic insights into the coupled oxidation-solidification process.</p>

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Microstructure Evolution and Environmental Impact Alleviation in Oxidation Roasting of High-Sulfur-Containing Carbon and Arsenic Refractory Gold Ores

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Hua Dong,
  • Jianping Jin,
  • Xinran Zhu,
  • Yanjun Li,
  • Yuexin Han

摘要

High-sulfur, carbon-bearing, arsenic-rich refractory gold ores pose serious challenges to gold extraction because of the formation of dense sulfide-arsenide encapsulation layers. In this study, the phase transformation behavior and removal of sulfur and arsenic were systematically investigated using a suspension oxidation roasting process. Under optimized conditions, sulfur and arsenic removal reached 87.64% and 72.84%, respectively. Subsequent fixation roasting with 8% Ca(OH)2 achieved sulfur and arsenic solidification efficiencies of 61.19% and 95.38%. Phase evolution analysis revealed that S and As were oxidized to gaseous SO2/SO3 and As2O3/As2O5, which further reacted with Ca(OH)2 to form stable CaSO4, Ca3(AsO4)2, and FeAsO4. Oxidation roasting also destroyed the compact structure of pyrite and arsenopyrite, generating pores and microcracks that exposed encapsulated gold while simultaneously reducing the release of hazardous gases via in situ solidification. These findings provide a cleaner and more effective pretreatment strategy for refractory gold ores and offer mechanistic insights into the coupled oxidation-solidification process.