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<p>This study presents a comprehensive investigation into passive thermal management of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries using beeswax (BW) as a phase change material (PCM), and assesses the effect of cell arrangement on thermal performance under varying discharge rates, and optimized enclosure design. Evaluating inline and staggered configurations at 2C and 5C charge or discharge rates with heat generation rates of 63,690 W/m<sup>3</sup> and 104,790 W/m<sup>3</sup>, simulations show the inline setup providing superior thermal control, reaching lower maximum temperatures of 333.1&#xa0;K at 2C, and 338&#xa0;K at 5C compared to the staggered setup where temperatures were 333.8&#xa0;K at 2C, and 342&#xa0;K at 5C. BW is effectively absorbing heat, reaching melting fractions up to 70% in inline and 81% in staggered at 5C. Localized heating in the staggered setup leads to faster melting but less uniform temperature distribution. To study the temperature control ability of beeswax, an iron casing with copper wire and BW enclosure was designed, experimental results show faster BW melting and stabilized outer wall temperatures. Simulating various enclosures, a circular cell within a circular BW structure offers optimal thermal regulation.</p>

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Study of Beeswax as Phase Change Material for Thermal Control of Lithium-Ion Battery and Performance Analysis of Beeswax Enclosure in Different Cell Arrangement for Passive Cooling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • Sahidul Alam,
  • Jintu Das,
  • Sumit Bhowmik

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into passive thermal management of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries using beeswax (BW) as a phase change material (PCM), and assesses the effect of cell arrangement on thermal performance under varying discharge rates, and optimized enclosure design. Evaluating inline and staggered configurations at 2C and 5C charge or discharge rates with heat generation rates of 63,690 W/m3 and 104,790 W/m3, simulations show the inline setup providing superior thermal control, reaching lower maximum temperatures of 333.1 K at 2C, and 338 K at 5C compared to the staggered setup where temperatures were 333.8 K at 2C, and 342 K at 5C. BW is effectively absorbing heat, reaching melting fractions up to 70% in inline and 81% in staggered at 5C. Localized heating in the staggered setup leads to faster melting but less uniform temperature distribution. To study the temperature control ability of beeswax, an iron casing with copper wire and BW enclosure was designed, experimental results show faster BW melting and stabilized outer wall temperatures. Simulating various enclosures, a circular cell within a circular BW structure offers optimal thermal regulation.