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<p>Bone tissue engineering seeks biomaterials that not only support structural integrity but also promote bone regeneration. This study investigates Mediterranean cowrie shells as a potential natural biomaterial by examining their physicochemical and mechanical properties. Shell-derived powders were prepared and thermally treated at various temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed a porous, crack-free microstructure. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the heat-induced transformation of aragonite into calcite—a more thermodynamically stable phase of calcium carbonate. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) detected significant shifts in carbonate ion vibrations, indicating structural changes. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) revealed a 43.75% mass loss attributed to organic decomposition between 600 and 800°C. Mechanical testing showed that heat treatment significantly enhanced compressive strength (up to 40&#xa0;MPa) and Young’s modulus (up to 574&#xa0;MPa), exceeding values typical of cancellous bone. Chemical composition of the material essentially comprises oxygen (with values from 46.64 to 57.60%), calcium (28.36–40.94%), and carbon (11.88–14.16%). The presence of biocompatible elements such as Mg (5800&#xa0;mg/Kg), Zn (0.37&#xa0;mg/Kg), and Fe (27.25&#xa0;mg/Kg) further supports the biomedical potential of cowrie shell-derived scaffolds. These findings highlight the suitability of thermally modified cowries’ shells for bone tissue engineering applications.</p>

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Physicochemical and Mechanical Characterization of Cowrie Shells for Bone Regeneration Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • Mohand Akli Azzi,
  • Youcef Khelfaoui,
  • Abdelhek Idir,
  • Atmane Djermoune,
  • Abderezzak Mehnana,
  • Lotfi Khezami,
  • Mamoun Fellah

摘要

Bone tissue engineering seeks biomaterials that not only support structural integrity but also promote bone regeneration. This study investigates Mediterranean cowrie shells as a potential natural biomaterial by examining their physicochemical and mechanical properties. Shell-derived powders were prepared and thermally treated at various temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed a porous, crack-free microstructure. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the heat-induced transformation of aragonite into calcite—a more thermodynamically stable phase of calcium carbonate. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) detected significant shifts in carbonate ion vibrations, indicating structural changes. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) revealed a 43.75% mass loss attributed to organic decomposition between 600 and 800°C. Mechanical testing showed that heat treatment significantly enhanced compressive strength (up to 40 MPa) and Young’s modulus (up to 574 MPa), exceeding values typical of cancellous bone. Chemical composition of the material essentially comprises oxygen (with values from 46.64 to 57.60%), calcium (28.36–40.94%), and carbon (11.88–14.16%). The presence of biocompatible elements such as Mg (5800 mg/Kg), Zn (0.37 mg/Kg), and Fe (27.25 mg/Kg) further supports the biomedical potential of cowrie shell-derived scaffolds. These findings highlight the suitability of thermally modified cowries’ shells for bone tissue engineering applications.